Phenotypic Mutation 'torticollis' (pdf version)
Alleletorticollis
Mutation Type critical splice donor site (1 bp from exon)
Chromosome9
Coordinate80,195,499 bp (GRCm39)
Base Change G ⇒ A (forward strand)
Gene Myo6
Gene Name myosin VI
Synonym(s) Myo6, Tlc, rsv
Chromosomal Location 80,072,313-80,219,011 bp (+) (GRCm39)
MGI Phenotype FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes a reverse-direction motor protein that moves toward the minus end of actin filaments and plays a role in intracellular vesicle and organelle transport. The protein consists of a motor domain containing an ATP- and an actin-binding site and a globular tail which interacts with other proteins. This protein maintains the structural integrity of inner ear hair cells and mutations in this gene cause non-syndromic autosomal dominant and recessive hearing loss. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]
PHENOTYPE: Homozygous mutant mice exhibit deafness and related behavioral characteristics such as circling, head tossing and hyperactivity. Progressive degeneration of the cochlear hair cells and the organ of Corti is observed with one mutation. [provided by MGI curators]
Accession Number

NCBI RefSeq: NM_001039546; MGI: 104785

MappedYes 
Amino Acid Change
Institutional SourceBeutler Lab
Gene Model predicted gene model for protein(s): [ENSMUSP00000036181 ] [ENSMUSP00000075501 ] [ENSMUSP00000108891 ] [ENSMUSP00000108893 ] [ENSMUSP00000139228 ] [ENSMUSP00000139019 ]   † probably from a misspliced transcript
AlphaFold no structure available at present
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000036181
Gene: ENSMUSG00000033577

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
MYSc 51 772 N/A SMART
IQ 812 834 8.58e-1 SMART
low complexity region 909 980 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 982 1002 N/A INTRINSIC
Blast:MYSc 1003 1113 3e-29 BLAST
PDB:3H8D|D 1134 1262 1e-74 PDB
Predicted Effect probably null
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000075501
Gene: ENSMUSG00000033577

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
MYSc 51 772 N/A SMART
IQ 812 834 8.58e-1 SMART
low complexity region 909 980 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 982 1002 N/A INTRINSIC
Blast:MYSc 1003 1126 2e-27 BLAST
PDB:3H8D|D 1138 1266 8e-75 PDB
Predicted Effect probably null
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000108891
Gene: ENSMUSG00000033577

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
MYSc 51 772 N/A SMART
IQ 812 834 8.58e-1 SMART
low complexity region 909 980 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 982 1002 N/A INTRINSIC
Blast:MYSc 1003 1113 3e-29 BLAST
PDB:3H8D|D 1125 1253 9e-75 PDB
Predicted Effect probably null
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000108893
Gene: ENSMUSG00000033577

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
MYSc 51 772 N/A SMART
IQ 812 834 8.58e-1 SMART
low complexity region 909 980 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 982 1002 N/A INTRINSIC
Blast:MYSc 1003 1135 2e-26 BLAST
Pfam:Myosin-VI_CBD 1167 1257 1.4e-46 PFAM
Predicted Effect probably null
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000139228
Gene: ENSMUSG00000033577

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
MYSc 51 772 N/A SMART
IQ 812 834 8.58e-1 SMART
low complexity region 909 980 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 982 1002 N/A INTRINSIC
Blast:MYSc 1003 1136 1e-26 BLAST
PDB:3H8D|D 1157 1285 9e-75 PDB
Predicted Effect probably null
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000139019
Gene: ENSMUSG00000033577

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
MYSc 51 772 N/A SMART
IQ 812 834 8.58e-1 SMART
low complexity region 909 980 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 982 1002 N/A INTRINSIC
Blast:MYSc 1003 1145 1e-25 BLAST
PDB:3H8D|D 1166 1294 8e-75 PDB
Predicted Effect probably null
Meta Mutation Damage Score 0.9472 question?
Is this an essential gene? Non Essential (E-score: 0.000) question?
Phenotypic Category Autosomal Recessive
Candidate Explorer Status loading ...
Single pedigree
Linkage Analysis Data
Penetrance  
Alleles Listed at MGI

All alleles(12) : Targeted(4) Gene trapped(1) Spontaneous(6) Chemically induced(1)

Lab Alleles
AlleleSourceChrCoordTypePredicted EffectPPH Score
IGL00493:Myo6 APN 9 80199754 missense probably damaging 0.98
IGL00584:Myo6 APN 9 80149555 splice site probably benign
IGL00596:Myo6 APN 9 80189025 missense possibly damaging 0.91
IGL00778:Myo6 APN 9 80190868 critical splice donor site probably null
IGL01667:Myo6 APN 9 80197175 missense unknown
IGL01939:Myo6 APN 9 80168100 missense probably damaging 1.00
IGL02123:Myo6 APN 9 80171554 splice site probably benign
IGL02271:Myo6 APN 9 80168113 missense probably benign 0.01
IGL02512:Myo6 APN 9 80199801 critical splice donor site probably null
IGL02716:Myo6 APN 9 80176976 missense probably damaging 1.00
IGL02888:Myo6 APN 9 80177013 splice site probably benign
IGL02890:Myo6 APN 9 80173456 missense probably damaging 1.00
IGL02951:Myo6 APN 9 80171516 missense possibly damaging 0.66
IGL02990:Myo6 APN 9 80183685 critical splice donor site probably null
IGL03060:Myo6 APN 9 80168159 missense probably benign 0.00
IGL03145:Myo6 APN 9 80207947 nonsense probably null
IGL03306:Myo6 APN 9 80153837 missense probably damaging 1.00
agnostic UTSW 9 80190816 missense possibly damaging 0.62
knownothing UTSW 9 80210583 critical splice donor site probably null
mayday_circler UTSW 9 80153733 nonsense probably null
toss UTSW 9 80207949 critical splice donor site probably null
truths UTSW 9 80177321 nonsense probably null
unbiased UTSW 9 80181257 splice site probably benign
IGL03134:Myo6 UTSW 9 80199749 missense probably damaging 0.96
R0023:Myo6 UTSW 9 80190816 missense possibly damaging 0.62
R0023:Myo6 UTSW 9 80190816 missense possibly damaging 0.62
R0124:Myo6 UTSW 9 80215056 missense probably damaging 1.00
R0133:Myo6 UTSW 9 80181257 splice site probably benign
R0207:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195338 missense probably damaging 1.00
R0295:Myo6 UTSW 9 80190861 missense probably damaging 0.98
R0389:Myo6 UTSW 9 80199748 missense probably damaging 0.98
R0432:Myo6 UTSW 9 80181256 splice site probably benign
R0526:Myo6 UTSW 9 80190823 missense possibly damaging 0.61
R0791:Myo6 UTSW 9 80169656 splice site probably benign
R0885:Myo6 UTSW 9 80149503 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1082:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195303 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1113:Myo6 UTSW 9 80152996 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1184:Myo6 UTSW 9 80193664 nonsense probably null
R1308:Myo6 UTSW 9 80152996 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1498:Myo6 UTSW 9 80214961 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1609:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195499 critical splice donor site probably null
R1615:Myo6 UTSW 9 80215007 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1771:Myo6 UTSW 9 80193082 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1772:Myo6 UTSW 9 80177331 missense possibly damaging 0.95
R1789:Myo6 UTSW 9 80207854 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1962:Myo6 UTSW 9 80168117 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1978:Myo6 UTSW 9 80136207 missense probably damaging 0.99
R2011:Myo6 UTSW 9 80215004 missense probably damaging 0.99
R2092:Myo6 UTSW 9 80152964 missense probably damaging 1.00
R2098:Myo6 UTSW 9 80188808 missense probably damaging 1.00
R2206:Myo6 UTSW 9 80165737 missense probably benign 0.01
R2286:Myo6 UTSW 9 80173494 missense possibly damaging 0.82
R2429:Myo6 UTSW 9 80210583 critical splice donor site probably null
R2696:Myo6 UTSW 9 80168176 missense probably benign 0.00
R2897:Myo6 UTSW 9 80176893 splice site probably null
R2898:Myo6 UTSW 9 80176893 splice site probably null
R3881:Myo6 UTSW 9 80171538 missense probably damaging 1.00
R4424:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195320 missense probably benign 0.26
R4718:Myo6 UTSW 9 80153799 missense probably benign 0.01
R4893:Myo6 UTSW 9 80136159 missense probably damaging 1.00
R4936:Myo6 UTSW 9 80214963 missense probably damaging 1.00
R4992:Myo6 UTSW 9 80190792 missense possibly damaging 0.95
R5073:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195290 missense probably benign 0.00
R5101:Myo6 UTSW 9 80177321 nonsense probably null
R5137:Myo6 UTSW 9 80149531 missense probably damaging 1.00
R5200:Myo6 UTSW 9 80183656 nonsense probably null
R5510:Myo6 UTSW 9 80152942 missense probably damaging 1.00
R5579:Myo6 UTSW 9 80125002 missense probably damaging 0.99
R5693:Myo6 UTSW 9 80173462 missense probably damaging 1.00
R5701:Myo6 UTSW 9 80165809 missense probably damaging 1.00
R6693:Myo6 UTSW 9 80153013 missense probably damaging 1.00
R7151:Myo6 UTSW 9 80152418 missense unknown
R7399:Myo6 UTSW 9 80169573 missense unknown
R7492:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195328 nonsense probably null
R7651:Myo6 UTSW 9 80171548 critical splice donor site probably null
R7698:Myo6 UTSW 9 80124938 missense unknown
R7743:Myo6 UTSW 9 80183611 missense unknown
R7888:Myo6 UTSW 9 80203947 missense probably damaging 0.99
R8161:Myo6 UTSW 9 80124991 missense unknown
R8245:Myo6 UTSW 9 80162229 missense unknown
R8375:Myo6 UTSW 9 80162206 missense unknown
R8387:Myo6 UTSW 9 80183632 missense unknown
R8467:Myo6 UTSW 9 80136168 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8669:Myo6 UTSW 9 80173531 missense unknown
R8770:Myo6 UTSW 9 80171481 missense unknown
R8807:Myo6 UTSW 9 80207949 critical splice donor site probably null
R9006:Myo6 UTSW 9 80136140 missense unknown
R9018:Myo6 UTSW 9 80159086 missense unknown
R9038:Myo6 UTSW 9 80162285 missense unknown
R9124:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195353 missense unknown
R9190:Myo6 UTSW 9 80195384 missense unknown
R9194:Myo6 UTSW 9 80153836 missense unknown
R9281:Myo6 UTSW 9 80162164 nonsense probably null
Z1191:Myo6 UTSW 9 80149509 nonsense probably null
Mode of Inheritance Autosomal Recessive
Local Stock Live Mice, gDNA
MMRRC Submission 038164-MU
Last Updated 2019-09-04 9:47 PM by Anne Murray
Record Created 2014-12-18 5:54 PM by Jeff SoRelle
Record Posted 2015-02-12
Phenotypic Description

Figure 1. The torticollis phenotype.

The torticollis phenotype was identified among N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU)-mutagenized G3 mice of the pedigree R1609, some of which showed increased locomotor activity, head tossing, and circling behavior (Figure 1).

Nature of Mutation

Whole exome HiSeq sequencing of the G1 grandsire identified 47 mutations. A mutation in Myo6 was presumed to be causative because the torticollis phenotype mirrored the mayday_circler phenotype attributed to Myo6 as well as other Myo6 alleles (see MGI). The mutation in Myo6 is a G to A transition at base pair 80,288,217 (v38) on chromosome 9, or base pair 123,242 in the GenBank genomic region NC_000075 within the donor splice site of intron 26. The effect of the mutation at the cDNA and protein level have not examined, but the mutation is predicted to result in skipping of the 209-nucleotide exon 26 (out of 33 total exons), resulting in a frame-shift and coding of two aberrant amino acids followed by a premature stop codon after amino acid 888.

              <--exon 25      <--exon 26 intron 26-->        exon 27-->

121443 ……ATGGCCAAAATTAAG……GAGGAGAGGCGGAT gtaagacatttgcattgt……GAAACTTGA
882    ……-M--A--K--I--K-……-E--E--R--R--M                   ……-E--T--*
             correct         deleted                         aberrant
 
The donor splice site of intron 26, which is destroyed by the torticollis mutation, is indicated in blue lettering and the mutated nucleotide is indicated in red. 
Illustration of Mutations in
Gene & Protein
Protein Prediction

Figure 2. Domain structure of myosin VI. At its N-terminus, myosin VI has an ATP- and actin-binding catalytic head with converter domain. Two inserted sequences close to the nucleotide-binding pocket and between the converter domain and canonical IQ domain serve, respectively, to slow the rate of ATP binding to the lead head in a dimer and to reverse the directionality of myosin VI movement along the actin filament relative to other myosins. Both insert-2 and the canonical IQ domain bind to calmodulin light chains. The C-terminal tail consists of a cargo-binding domain, and proximal (PT) and medial tail (MT) domains, one of which may provide a lever arm extension that accounts for the large step size of myosin VI. Alternative splicing of the tail domain results in the possible inclusion of one or two inserted sequences; the sequences may affect the function of myosin VI in endocytosis. The torticollis mutation is designated by a red asterisk. Image is interactive; click to view other myosin VI mutations.

Myo6 encodes myosin VI, a member of the unconventional myosin family that function as actin-based molecular motors for various cellular cargoes, producing mechanical force through repeated cycles of ATP hydrolysis. Like other myosins, myosin VI has at its N-terminus a catalytic head with converter domain followed by a single canonical light chain-binding domain (Figure 2) (1;2).  The myosin VI tail consists of a proximal tail domain (also called the lever arm extension, LAE), a medial tail domain (also called the single α-helix domain, SAH), and a globular cargo-binding domain. In mammalian cells, alternative splicing of the tail domain gives rise to four distinct myosin VI isoforms that may localize and function differentially in cells (3). The four isoforms contain either a large insert (21-31 amino acids) at the C-terminal end of the medial tail domain, a small insert (9 amino acids) within the cargo-binding domain, both inserts, or no insert. The torticollis mutation is predicted to result in coding of a premature stop codon within the proximal tail domain.

Please see the record mayday­_circler for information about Myo6.

Putative Mechanism

Myosin VI is involved in membrane trafficking, both exocytosis and endocytosis [reviewed in (4)].  MYO6 mutations have been linked with both dominant (OMIM #606346) (5) and recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (OMIM #607821) (6), as well as with dominant syndromic hearing loss that includes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (7). A mutation in mouse myosin VI was implicated through positional cloning as the cause of Snell’s waltzer (sv) phenotype (8), which arose spontaneously in 1960 and is characterized by circling behavior, head tossing, deafness, and hyperactivity observable by 12 days of age (9). Although the appearance of hair cells and their stereocilia is relatively normal at birth in homozygous Myo6sv/sv mice, the stereocilia undergo progressive disorganization and a raising of the hair cell apical plasma membrane between stereocilia such that by three days of age all hair cells show fused stereocilia and by 20 days giant stereocilia are observed on top of hair cells (10). The formation of stereocilial branches is also observed at one day of age (11). By 6 weeks, there is a complete degeneration of both inner and outer hair cells within the Organ of Corti (8). The phenotype of the torticollis mice is consistent with a loss-of-function mutation in Myo6; the expression and localization of the myosin VItorticollis protein have not been examined.

Primers PCR Primer
torticollis_pcr_F: ACCATGATGACGAGGGAGCAGATAC
torticollis_pcr_R: GGCTACAAGGCCGACTCTAAACACTAA

Sequencing Primer
torticollis_seq_F: ATACAGAAAGAGTATGATGCACTTG
torticollis_seq_R: cttactcatacacacacacacac
Genotyping

PCR program

1) 94°C 2:00
2) 94°C 0:30
3) 55°C 0:30
4) 72°C 1:00
5) repeat steps (2-4) 40x
6) 72°C 10:00
7) 4°C hold


The following sequence of 203 nucleotides is amplified (chromosome 9, + strand):


1   accatgatga cgagggagca gatacagaaa gagtatgatg cacttgttaa aagctcagaa
61  gatctcctca gtgcactgca gaaaaagaaa cagcaagagg aggaggccga gaggctgagg
121 cgcatccagg aggagatgga gaaagaaagg aagaggcgtg aagaagatga ggaacgtcgg
181 cggaaggagg aagaggagag gcg


Primer binding sites are underlined and the sequencing primers are highlighted; the mutated nucleotide is shown in red.

References
Science Writers Anne Murray
Illustrators Peter Jurek
AuthorsJeff SoRelle, Zhe Chen, Doan Dao