Phenotypic Mutation 'lackadaisical' (pdf version)
Allelelackadaisical
Mutation Type missense
Chromosome9
Coordinate119,167,758 bp (GRCm39)
Base Change T ⇒ C (forward strand)
Gene Myd88
Gene Name myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88
Chromosomal Location 119,165,000-119,169,084 bp (-) (GRCm39)
MGI Phenotype FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes a cytosolic adapter protein that plays a central role in the innate and adaptive immune response. This protein functions as an essential signal transducer in the interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. These pathways regulate that activation of numerous proinflammatory genes. The encoded protein consists of an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll-interleukin1 receptor domain. Patients with defects in this gene have an increased susceptibility to pyogenic bacterial infections. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]
PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele exhibit abnormal immune system morphology and physiology. [provided by MGI curators]
Accession Number

NCBI RefSeq: NM_010851; MGI: 108005

MappedYes 
Amino Acid Change Tyrosine changed to Cysteine
Institutional SourceBeutler Lab
Gene Model not available
AlphaFold P22366
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000035092
Gene: ENSMUSG00000032508
AA Change: Y116C

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
DEATH 19 109 7.17e-15 SMART
TIR 160 296 3.39e-25 SMART
Predicted Effect probably damaging

PolyPhen 2 Score 1.000 (Sensitivity: 0.00; Specificity: 1.00)
(Using ENSMUST00000035092)
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000115746
Gene: ENSMUSG00000032508

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
Pfam:Death 50 109 3.5e-13 PFAM
Predicted Effect probably benign
Meta Mutation Damage Score Not available question?
Is this an essential gene? Non Essential (E-score: 0.000) question?
Phenotypic Category Autosomal Recessive
Candidate Explorer Status loading ...
Single pedigree
Linkage Analysis Data
Penetrance 100% 
Alleles Listed at MGI

All alleles(7) : Targeted, knock-out(1) Targeted, other(1) Gene trapped(3) Chemically induced(2

Lab Alleles
AlleleSourceChrCoordTypePredicted EffectPPH Score
IGL01340:Myd88 APN 9 119166418 unclassified probably benign
Bahia UTSW 9 119167175 splice site probably null
Dani_alves UTSW 9 119166889 missense possibly damaging 0.69
Myd88rev1 UTSW 9 119166460 missense possibly damaging 0.90
pococurante UTSW 9 119167180 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1695:Myd88 UTSW 9 119166908 splice site probably null
R1878:Myd88 UTSW 9 119167686 missense probably benign 0.00
R2413:Myd88 UTSW 9 119166484 missense probably benign 0.06
R3417:Myd88 UTSW 9 119166556 missense possibly damaging 0.90
R3836:Myd88 UTSW 9 119167259 unclassified probably benign
R3892:Myd88 UTSW 9 119166882 missense possibly damaging 0.93
R3917:Myd88 UTSW 9 119170464 utr 5 prime probably benign
R4081:Myd88 UTSW 9 119169053 unclassified probably benign
R4634:Myd88 UTSW 9 119167175 splice site probably null
R4637:Myd88 UTSW 9 119167175 splice site probably null
R5091:Myd88 UTSW 9 119166889 missense possibly damaging 0.69
R5604:Myd88 UTSW 9 119168829 missense possibly damaging 0.93
R9243:Myd88 UTSW 9 119168773 missense probably benign
R9415:Myd88 UTSW 9 119167070 critical splice donor site probably null
Mode of Inheritance Autosomal Recessive
Local Stock Embryos, gDNA
MMRRC Submission 010473-UCD
Last Updated 2017-06-14 10:36 AM by Katherine Timer
Record Created unknown
Record Posted 2007-11-30
Phenotypic Description
Figure 1. Peritoneal macrophages from lackadaisical (Lkd) mice treated with the TLR7 ligand resiquimod (A) and the TLR9 ligand CpG (B) produce reduced amounts of TNF when stimulated with low concentrations of ligand. Macrophages from Myd88 knockout mice are used as controls. Values represent mean ± SEM (n=6 mice or more). (C) Macrophages from WT or Lkd mice pretreated with IFN-γ (10 units/ml) then treated with TLR ligands and assayed from type I IFN. Lkd macrophages do not respond to resiquidmod or CpG, which signal through MyD88. Similar results were observed in three independent experiments. Figure reproduced from reference (1).
The lackadaisical phenotype was identified in a screen for ENU-induced mutants with altered responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (TLR Signaling Screen) (1).  Peritoneal macrophages from lackadaisical mice produce reduced amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in response to resiquimod (TLR7 ligand) and unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN, TLR9 ligand).  The dose response curve ([TNF-α] versus [ligand]) for both ligands is shifted to the right, such that lackadaisical cells produce approximately the same amount of TNF-α as wild type cells when stimulated with a 10X higher ligand concentration (Figure 1). Lackadaisical macrophages display normal TNF-α responses to poly I:C (TLR3 ligand), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, TLR4 ligand), Pam3CSK4 (a triacyl lipopeptide, TLR2/1 ligand), and MALP-2 (a diacyl lipopeptide, TLR2/6 ligand).  Type I interferon production induced by either CpG ODN or resiquimod is abolished in lackadaisical macrophages (Figure 1).
 
Phosphorylation of JNK, the MAP kinase ERK, and IκB is eliminated in lackadaisical macrophages upon resiquimod stimulation.
 
When infected intraperitoneally with 5 x 105 pfu of mouse cytomegalovirus, lackadaisical mice contain the virus as efficiently as wild type mice (MCMV Susceptibility and Resistance Screen), as measured by viral titers in the spleen and type I IFN concentration in serum.
Nature of Mutation
The lackadaisical mutation was mapped to a region of Chromosome 9 including Myd88.  Sequencing identified an A to G transition in exon 2 (of 6 total exons) at position 428 of the Myd88 transcript.  The lackadaisical locus was confirmed to be allelic with Myd88.
 
412 GAGGACTGCCAGAAATACTTAGGTAAGCAGCAG
111 -E--D--C--Q--K--Y--L--G--K--Q--Q-
 
The mutated nucleotide is indicated in red lettering, and results in a tyrosine to cysteine change at position 116 of the MyD88 protein.
Illustration of Mutations in
Gene & Protein
Protein Prediction
Figure 2. MyD88 is a 296 amino acid protein adapter. It contains an N-terminal death domain (DD) that acts as a protein-protein interaction domain that mediates homotypic interactions with other death domain-containing proteins in order to propagate signaling. The death domain of MyD88 is required for binding to IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) family proteins. The C-terminal portion of MyD88 contains a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, a conserved region which mediates homo- and heterotypic protein interactions during signal transduction. TIR domains in TLRs, IL receptors and the adapters MyD88 and TIRAP contain three conserved boxes (boxes 1, 2 and 3), which are required for signaling. Between the death domain and TIR domain is an “intermediate domain” that may be required for differential activation of distinct NF-κB- versus JNK-dependent transcriptional programs. The lackadaisical mutation results in the substitution of tyrosine with cysteine at residue 115.This image is interactive. Click on the image to view other mutations found in MyD88 (red). Click on the mutations for more specific information.
The lackadaisical mutation results in the substitution of tyrosine with cysteine at residue 115 of MyD88, which exists in the intermediate domain between the death domain and the TIR domain (Figure 2).
 
Please see the record for pococurante for information about Myd88.
Putative Mechanism
Figure 3. MyD88 signaling pathways. MyD88 is a protein adapter that relays signals from the IL-1 and IL-8 receptors (not shown) and from most TLRs. Activation of these receptors leads to MyD88 recruitment to the receptor complexes, where it recruits IRAK family proteins, first IRAK-4 and then IRAK-1, as well as TRAF6. The signaling pathway culminates in the activation of NF-κB-dependent transcription. MyD88 and TRAF6 may interact directly with IRF5 in a complex, activating IRF5 and promoting its translocation to the nucleus. MyD88, together with TRAF6 and IRAK4, has also been shown to bind IRF7 directly. This occurs downstream of TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and requires the phosphorylation of IRF7 by IRAK1.
The lackadaisical mutation changes a single residue in the intermediate domain of MyD88.  Alternative splicing of Myd88 results in a variant that lacks the intermediate domain (MyD88s), which is expressed only in the spleen and brain (2). When overexpressed in HEK293 cells, MyD88s is able to bind IRAK, but does not activate NF-κB (a hallmark of MyD88 signaling)(Figure 3), reportedly because MyD88s is unable to induce IRAK phosphorylation (2). The MyD88 intermediate domain has been suggested to provide for differential activation of distinct (NF-κB- versus JNK-dependent) transcriptional programs (3). MyD88s has been postulated to act as a negative regulator of MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation (3).  MyD88s expression is not detected in several cell lines of different origin, but may be induced after prolonged (16 hours) LPS treatment in a human monocytic cell line (2).  The protein encoded by Myd88lck does not act as a dominant negative inhibitor of LPS-induced (or other ligand-induced) NF-κB activation, and therefore probably does not function like MyD88s.  However, the lackadaisical phenotype supports the hypothesis that the intermediate domain is important for MyD88 function.  It appears that the lackadaisical mutation is a relatively mild loss-of-function mutation, since TLR signaling is retained at least partially (for TLRs 7 and 9), and in most cases completely (TLRs 3, 4, 2/1, 2/6), in these mutants.  In support of this conclusion, lackadaisical mice display robust resistance to MCMV infection.  On the other hand, complete loss of TLR9 function (e.g., in mice homozygous for the CpG1 allele) causes substantial impairment of MCMV resistance, despite retention of normal TLR7 signaling. The lackadaisical phenotype, as well as other studies, suggest that MyD88 is recruited to TLRs in a ligand-specific manner (1;4).  Distinct ligands likely bind distinct sites in TLR ectodomains (5), inducing unique receptor conformations intracellularly that may be recognized differentially by adapters.
Primers Primers cannot be located by automatic search.
Genotyping
Lackadaisical genotyping is performed by amplifying the region containing the mutation using PCR, followed by sequencing of the amplified region to detect the single nucleotide change.
 
Primers for PCR amplification
1) lackadaisical(F): 5’- GCAGTCAGTGCTCTTACCGGCTGAG -3’
2) lackadaisical(R): 5’- AATGAGCAGCTTGCCCAAGGTCCC -3’
 
PCR program
1) 94°C             2:00
2) 94°C             0:15
3) 60°C             0:20
4) 68°C             1:00
5) repeat steps (2-4) 34X
6) 68°C             5:00
7) 4°C               ∞
 
Primers for sequencing
2) lackadaisical_seq(F): 5’- TCTTACCGGCTGAGCCATCTC -3’
1) lackadaisical_seq(R): 5’- AAGGTCCCAGGTCCATCCATC -3’
 
The following sequence of 426 nucleotides (from Genbank genomic region NC_000075 for linear genomic DNA sequence of Myd88) is amplified:
 
1165                           gcagtc agtgctctta ccggctgagc catctcgcca
1201 gccccaagta ggctctttaa actaattcag gattttgagt gtgtgtacag cagcaacctg
1261 gggcatgggg ggcgggggtg tcggggatgg ggtgggagga ggagcctcta cacccttctc
1321 ttctccacag aggaggactg ccagaaatac ttaggtaagc agcagaacca ggagtccgag
1381 aagcctttac aggtggccag agtggaaagc agtgtcccac aaacaaagga actgggaggc
1441 atcaccaccc ttgatgaccc cctaggtaag ggcccagtac tgtgccccta ggtagaatag
1501 gtgggccaca gcctcaaaca tgtgacctgc agagggcatg gataccggaa gcagatggat
1561 ggacctggga ccttgggcaa gctgctcatt
 
PCR primer binding sites are underlined; sequencing primer binding sites are highlighted in gray; the mutated A is shown in red text.
References
Science Writers Eva Marie Y. Moresco
Illustrators Diantha La Vine
AuthorsZhengfan Jiang, Bruce Beutler
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