Phenotypic Mutation 'ito' (pdf version)
Allele | ito |
Mutation Type |
nonsense
|
Chromosome | 15 |
Coordinate | 66,638,011 bp (GRCm39) |
Base Change | C ⇒ T (forward strand) |
Gene |
Tg
|
Gene Name | thyroglobulin |
Synonym(s) | Tgn |
Chromosomal Location |
66,542,606-66,722,570 bp (+) (GRCm39)
|
MGI Phenotype |
FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein homodimer produced predominantly by the thryroid gland. It acts as a substrate for the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine as well as the storage of the inactive forms of thyroid hormone and iodine. Thyroglobulin is secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum to its site of iodination, and subsequent thyroxine biosynthesis, in the follicular lumen. Mutations in this gene cause thyroid dyshormonogenesis, manifested as goiter, and are associated with moderate to severe congenital hypothyroidism. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) such as Graves disease and Hashimoto thryoiditis. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009] PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for a spontaneous mutation exhibit enlarged thyroid gland, hypothyroidism, abnormal thyroid gland morphology, and decreased body weight. [provided by MGI curators]
|
Accession Number | NCBI RefSeq: NM_009375; MGI:98733
|
Mapped | Yes |
Amino Acid Change |
Glutamine changed to Stop codon
|
Institutional Source | Beutler Lab |
Gene Model |
predicted gene model for protein(s):
[ENSMUSP00000070239]
[ENSMUSP00000129868]
[ENSMUSP00000126454]
|
AlphaFold |
no structure available at present |
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000070239 Gene: ENSMUSG00000053469 AA Change: Q2275*
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
signal peptide
|
1 |
20 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
TY
|
50 |
97 |
5.9e-16 |
SMART |
TY
|
118 |
165 |
5.59e-17 |
SMART |
Pfam:Thyroglobulin_1
|
174 |
252 |
4e-9 |
PFAM |
TY
|
317 |
363 |
4.36e-19 |
SMART |
low complexity region
|
495 |
504 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
TY
|
617 |
662 |
3.58e-15 |
SMART |
TY
|
684 |
730 |
1.47e-16 |
SMART |
TY
|
880 |
926 |
1.51e-4 |
SMART |
TY
|
1029 |
1078 |
1.21e-12 |
SMART |
TY
|
1106 |
1150 |
7.56e-5 |
SMART |
TY
|
1167 |
1215 |
7.26e-16 |
SMART |
low complexity region
|
1244 |
1255 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
Pfam:GCC2_GCC3
|
1464 |
1509 |
2.7e-16 |
PFAM |
TY
|
1519 |
1568 |
9.81e-13 |
SMART |
Pfam:COesterase
|
2181 |
2717 |
8.4e-140 |
PFAM |
|
Predicted Effect |
probably null
|
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000129868 Gene: ENSMUSG00000053469
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
TY
|
14 |
63 |
1.21e-12 |
SMART |
|
Predicted Effect |
noncoding transcript
|
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000126454 Gene: ENSMUSG00000053469 AA Change: Q656*
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
internal_repeat_1
|
93 |
331 |
1.53e-6 |
PROSPERO |
Pfam:COesterase
|
562 |
1098 |
2.1e-137 |
PFAM |
|
Predicted Effect |
probably null
|
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000128410 Gene: ENSMUSG00000053469
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
Pfam:COesterase
|
313 |
849 |
6e-140 |
PFAM |
|
Predicted Effect |
noncoding transcript
|
Meta Mutation Damage Score |
0.9755 |
Is this an essential gene? |
Probably nonessential (E-score: 0.096) |
Phenotypic Category |
Autosomal Recessive |
Candidate Explorer Status |
loading ... |
Single pedigree Linkage Analysis Data
|
|
Penetrance | |
Alleles Listed at MGI | All Mutations and Alleles(10) Chemically induced (ENU)(1) Chemically induced (other)(3) Gene trapped(1) Radiation induced(2) Spontaneous(1) Targeted(1) Transgenic(1)
|
Lab Alleles |
Allele | Source | Chr | Coord | Type | Predicted Effect | PPH Score |
IGL00157:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66719015 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL00230:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66699139 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
IGL00324:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66565273 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
IGL00428:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66645273 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.33 |
IGL00703:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66568338 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.34 |
IGL00808:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66555662 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL00833:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66560650 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.34 |
IGL00899:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66545922 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
IGL00921:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66636302 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.28 |
IGL00975:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66553731 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
IGL01288:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66608125 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.81 |
IGL01397:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66567941 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
IGL01634:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66601415 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.34 |
IGL01646:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66549936 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL01704:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66543200 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
IGL01958:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66631335 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.06 |
IGL02093:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66564223 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.83 |
IGL02113:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66577179 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
IGL02138:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66589082 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
IGL02156:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66577197 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.19 |
IGL02169:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66629792 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.04 |
IGL02342:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66636140 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
IGL02434:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66636191 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
IGL02506:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66613443 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.71 |
IGL02513:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66577123 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
IGL02549:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66711210 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL02669:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66620575 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
IGL02756:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66606435 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
IGL02800:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66629735 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL02828:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66554243 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL02927:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66549942 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL03061:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66543254 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL03105:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66586955 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
IGL03160:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66711152 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
IGL03242:Tg
|
APN |
15 |
66555647 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
Also_ran
|
UTSW |
15 |
66550688 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
bedraggled
|
UTSW |
15 |
66612563 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
foster
|
UTSW |
15 |
66565109 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
hognose
|
UTSW |
15 |
66589057 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
ito2
|
UTSW |
15 |
66543245 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
ito3
|
UTSW |
15 |
66645323 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
ito4
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568369 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.47 |
Papua
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545899 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
Pipistrella
|
UTSW |
15 |
66567984 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
pluribus
|
UTSW |
15 |
66587012 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
samarai
|
UTSW |
15 |
66629855 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
sariba
|
UTSW |
15 |
66566719 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
ticker
|
UTSW |
15 |
66699231 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
Vampire
|
UTSW |
15 |
66554676 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL03134:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66612567 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
P0019:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66560712 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R0121:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66612630 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.04 |
R0135:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66566719 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R0227:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66570295 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.84 |
R0448:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66636291 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R0453:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66700382 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.09 |
R0504:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66554253 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
R0543:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66601446 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.13 |
R0638:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66589057 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R0639:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66613333 |
critical splice acceptor site |
probably null |
|
R0646:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66601475 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R0666:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66609370 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R0673:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66613333 |
critical splice acceptor site |
probably null |
|
R0689:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66711253 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
R0704:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66629729 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.02 |
R0730:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66550638 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R0830:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66596993 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R0959:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66579859 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
R1027:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66544258 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.65 |
R1061:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66570408 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.09 |
R1086:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555911 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R1103:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66591504 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.45 |
R1240:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66700397 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.16 |
R1281:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568338 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.34 |
R1470:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66721312 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.95 |
R1470:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66721312 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.95 |
R1531:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66722351 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.02 |
R1544:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66577081 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.04 |
R1550:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66565279 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.52 |
R1575:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66601534 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
R1638:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568015 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R1655:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66700417 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
R1671:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66564236 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.89 |
R1789:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66609397 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R1883:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66543158 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R1984:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66554691 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R2063:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66700402 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R2092:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66721456 |
missense |
probably null |
0.26 |
R2109:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66601443 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.02 |
R2128:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66566743 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.10 |
R2129:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66566743 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.10 |
R2207:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66553788 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.15 |
R2219:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66553782 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.03 |
R2228:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545860 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R2229:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545860 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R2259:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555747 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R2994:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66553802 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R3904:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66638011 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R3946:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545872 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R3965:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66556039 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R4245:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568318 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.68 |
R4451:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66637996 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R4487:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66543245 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R4489:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66579791 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R4623:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66607120 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.23 |
R4659:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545769 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.67 |
R4728:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66554676 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R4760:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66565168 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R4797:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66629855 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
R4944:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66636186 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R4998:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545899 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5009:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568435 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R5025:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66579779 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5035:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66553662 |
splice site |
probably null |
|
R5049:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66699231 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R5073:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66607101 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.05 |
R5169:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66550629 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R5185:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66645323 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5227:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66631416 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.87 |
R5300:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66550704 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5334:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66549904 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5339:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66549942 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5402:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66611017 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
R5441:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568369 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.47 |
R5509:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66699142 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.45 |
R5580:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66557149 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.66 |
R5582:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66565284 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5624:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66709906 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.11 |
R5686:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66560738 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.28 |
R6042:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555842 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R6122:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66700306 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6146:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545216 |
splice site |
probably null |
|
R6159:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66607096 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.71 |
R6223:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66579771 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.15 |
R6480:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66543160 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6505:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66631407 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R6531:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66711211 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R6614:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66607108 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R6698:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66711211 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6798:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66550688 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6837:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66567984 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6861:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66560740 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R6888:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568095 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R6933:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66636158 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.73 |
R6983:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66565207 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R7078:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545392 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R7244:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66612563 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R7320:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66566633 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.71 |
R7334:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66597121 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R7418:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568432 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R7485:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568437 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.04 |
R7524:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66568010 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R7529:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66566617 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R7540:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66561776 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.16 |
R7583:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66636267 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R7594:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66601432 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.20 |
R7667:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66587012 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
R7722:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66636158 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.73 |
R7790:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66721453 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R7838:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66565112 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7890:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555663 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R7904:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66577128 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R7919:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555923 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.73 |
R7921:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555642 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R8037:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66560724 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R8038:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66560724 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R8214:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66645247 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R8304:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66565109 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R8688:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66566802 |
critical splice donor site |
probably benign |
|
R8709:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66553786 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R8714:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555891 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
R8901:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66557184 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R8917:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66645332 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
R9023:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555522 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R9232:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66570310 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R9310:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66699118 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.69 |
R9361:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66557246 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.50 |
R9389:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66561173 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.04 |
R9501:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66718923 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.52 |
R9510:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66545913 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R9594:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66607109 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R9629:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66555587 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.95 |
R9701:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66637991 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.03 |
R9743:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66561839 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.18 |
R9748:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66719008 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.91 |
T0975:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66560712 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
X0005:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66560712 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
X0065:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66554303 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
X0067:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66620592 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.10 |
Z1177:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66721396 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.02 |
Z1177:Tg
|
UTSW |
15 |
66557159 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.49 |
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Mode of Inheritance |
Autosomal Recessive |
Local Stock | |
Repository | |
Last Updated |
2019-09-04 9:43 PM
by Diantha La Vine
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Record Created |
2016-01-26 1:58 PM
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Record Posted |
2016-09-19 |
Phenotypic Description |
The ito phenotype was identified among G3 mice of the pedigree R3904, some of which had reduced body weights compared to wild-type controls (Figure 1).
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Nature of Mutation |
Whole exome HiSeq sequencing of the G1 grandsire identified 38 mutations. The body weight phenotype was linked to a mutation in Tg: a C to T transition at base pair 66,766,162 (v38) on chromosome 15, or base pair 95,407 in the GenBank genomic region NC_000081 encoding Tg. Linkage was found with a recessive model of inheritance, wherein three variant homozygotes departed phenotypically from nine homozygous reference mice and nine heterozygous mice with a P value of 1.393 x 10-5 (Figure 2). The mutation corresponds to residue 6,845 in the NM_009375 mRNA sequence in exon 39 of 48 total exons.
6830 ACCCCCACACCTCCACAAATCAATGAAGACTGC
2270 -T--P--T--P--P--Q--I--N--E--D--C-
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The mutated nucleotide is indicated in red. The mutation results in substitution of glutamine 2,275 to a premature stop codon (Q2275*) in the thyroglobulin protein.
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Illustration of Mutations in
Gene & Protein |
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Protein Prediction |
Tg encodes thyroglobulin (Tg), a precursor of two thyroid hormones: 3,5,3’ triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3’,5’ tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine; T4). The Tg protein has a signal peptide (amino acids 1-20), 11 type 1, three type 2, three type 3a, and two type 3b Cys-rich repeats followed by an acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-like domain (Figure 3) (1-3). Tg can be divided into distinct regions: region I containing 10 type 1 repeats between amino acids 32 and 1,211 along with linker and hinge segments; region II-III contains the type 2 repeats, the type 1 repeat at amino acids 1,510-1,564, and the type 3 repeats; and the AchE-like domain (amino acids 2,181-2,717) (4). Each of the type 1 repeats are approximately 50 amino acids in length and have a structural motif that may bind and reversibly inhibit proteases in the lysosomal pathway (5). Type 1 domains are found in several other proteins including testicans, secreted modular calcium-binding proteins (SMOCs), the MHC class II-associated p41 invariant chain, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6) (6). The type 2 domains are 14-17 amino acids in length and are between amino acids 1,455 and 1,502. The type 2 repeats are distant members of the GRIP and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 (GCC2)/GCC3 domain superfamily, which includes SVEP1 (alternatively, polydom) (7). The GCC2/GCC3 domains may assist in trafficking Tg. The type 3 domains vary between 57-160 amino acids in length and reside between amino acids 1,602 and 2,183. The AChE-like domain mediates protein dimerization and the export of Tg by acting as an intramolecular chaperone (2;7;8). Six cysteines in the AChE-like domain are involved in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds (2;3). Megalin, a regulator of Tg transepithelial transport from the apical to basolateral surface of the thyrocyte, interacts with a heparin-binding region (SRRLKRP) in the C-terminus of Tg (9;10); the megalin-interacting domain is not in human Tg. Tg is a 660 kDa homodimeric protein. Dimerization occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is required for conformational maturation and intracellular transport of Tg to the lumen of thyroid follicles (8). Within the secretory system, Tg undergoes several posttranslational modifications including glycosylation, sialylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, iodination, and formation of approximately 60 intrachain disulfide binds per monomer. Upon reaching the follicular lumen, several tyrosines are iodinated. Several of the iodinated tyrosines are coupled to form T3 and T4. The release of thyroid hormone occurs after several steps including intra-and extracellular proteolytic degradation of Tg by several proteases including cysteine cathepsins B, L, and K and the aspartic protease cathepsin D (see the Background section for more details) (11;12). An alternative transcript (designated kTg) has been identified in the mouse kidney (13). The kTg transcript transcription start site is within intron 41 of Tg and continues in-frame with the remaining thyroid-derived Tg beginning with exon 42. The encoded kTg protein is 367 amino acids in length, with a unique 13 amino acid signal peptide sequence at the N-terminus followed by a 354 amino acid sequence corresponding to the C-terminus of thyroid Tg. The ito mutation results in substitution of glutamine 2,275 to a premature stop codon (Q2275*). Amino acid 2,275 is within the AChE-like domain.
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Expression/Localization | Tg synthesis is restricted to the thyroid gland. Tg is secreted and stored in the colloid inside of the thyroid follicles. Newly secreted Tg remains near the apical membrane of thyroid cells, where it undergoes hormone formation and is internalized and/or degraded rapidly. Tg in the center of the follicle is stored in the form of aggregates to function as an iodine and hormone reservoir.
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Background |
Within the thyroid gland, epithelial cells synthesize thyroid hormones and are arranged as thyroid follicles. Between the thyroid follicles are parafollicular (alternatively, C cells), which secrete the hormone calcitonin. Tg is secreted by the thyroid cell into the follicular lumen by regulated (nonconstitutive), merocrine secretion (14;15). Upon stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Tg is reabsorbed by endocytosis/pinocytosis or phagocytosis (rodents only) to form endocytic/pinocytic vesicles or phagosomes, respectively (16;17). Thyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) negative feedback system, which involves interactions between the thyroid gland and circulating hormones. In the HPT, thyroid hormone synthesis is induced by TSH, which is secreted from anterior pituitary endocrine cells called thyrotropes. Increased thyroid hormone levels suppress further TSH secretion by acting on the hypothalamus, subsequently inhibiting the release of TSH-releasing hormone (TRH). TSH binding to the TSHR at the basal membrane of the thyroid follicle stimulates Tg expression via an increase in the intracellular level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as well as the stimulation of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) (18). After synthesis, Tg is transported to the apical membrane whereby it is released into the follicular lumen. At the apical membrane TPO and H2O2 catalyze the iodination of tyrosine residues on Tg to produce mono- (MIT) and di-iodotyrosines (DIT). Subsequent coupling of MIT and DIT catalyzes the production of T3 and T4. The iodinated Tg is pinocytosed through the apical membrane and into lysosomes where it undergoes proteolysis to release T3 and T4 through the basal membrane into the blood for action at peripheral target tissues whereby they control metabolism (19). In rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells, Tg (at physiologic concentrations) suppresses the mRNA expression levels of several genes involved in TH synthesis, including Tg, Tpo, and Slc5a5 (NIS) (20-22). Tg is proposed to regulate cell growth and gene transcription by mimicking transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in certain cell types (23;24). Tg binds several proteins on the surface of thyroid cells (e.g., asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR; (25)), megalin (gp300; (26)), and an N-acetylglucosamine receptor (27)), but none are significantly associated with intracellular signaling. These Tg-binding proteins are not specific to Tg, and are able to bind other large glycoproteins. Mutations in TG have been linked to congenital goiter with hypothyroidism (euthyroidism) (OMIM: #274700) (28-30) as well as endemic and euthyroid nonendemic simple goiter (31-33). Most known pathogenic Tg mutations occur within region I and the AChE-like domain (18). Congenital hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disease in infants with a prevalence of 1:2000-1:4000 in newborns (34;35). Congenital hypothyroidism is an autosomal recessive trait and is characterized by increased levels of TSH due to reduced thyroid function. Congenital hypothyroidism patients that are left untreated can exhibit abnormal growth and development as well as mental retardation. Early treatment with L-thyroxine results in normal development. Simple goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not caused by an inflammatory or neoplastic process. TG is also a susceptibility gene for familial autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) (36). Tg is an autoantigen in immune diseases of the thyroid [(21;22); reviewed in (13)]. The 8q24 locus, which contains TG, is linked to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) including Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. TG is an AITD susceptibility gene in both humans and mice (37) (OMIM: #608175). Graves’ disease is characterized by the production of TSHR-stimulating antibodies subsequently leading to hyperthyroidism. Hashimoto’s is characterized by apoptosis of thyrocytes leading to hypothyroidism. Both Graves’ and Hashimoto’s share many features including T cell infiltration of the thyroid and antithyroid autoantibody (anti-Tg and -TPO antibodies) production.
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Putative Mechanism | The cog/cog (Tgcog; MGI:1856829) mouse model has a point mutation in Tg that causes a Leu to Pro substitution at amino acid 2,263 (38;39). The cog/cog mouse exhibits congenital hypothyroidism with goiter as well as abnormal growth, mild anemia, and defects in central nervous system development (e.g., microcephalic cerebrum with hypomyelination) (40;41). Tg expression is normal in the cog/cog mice, but the Tg protein exhibits increased proteolysis (42;43). Furthermore, the Tgcog/cog protein exhibited abnormal folding, dimerization, and export. The cog/cog mouse also had increased levels of several ER molecular chaperones. Taken together, the phenotypes of the cog/cog mouse are indicative of an ER storage defect (15). As a result, the levels of total serum T4 and T3 are low with a concomitant increase in serum TSH levels (41). A second mouse model has an ENU-induced mutation in Tg (TgR1471X; MGI:5694939). The TgR1471X mice exhibited stunted growth (44). The ito phenotype is similar to that of these two mouse models indicating that Tg function is impaired. Expression and localization of Tgito has not been examined.
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Primers |
PCR Primer
ito_pcr_F: GCCATAGACATGCTGCTACTC
ito_pcr_R: ACAAAGGGAGCTCAGTGTCC
Sequencing Primer
ito_seq_F: AATGACCTGGAGCTTCCTCAGTG
ito_seq_R: CAGTGTCCCTAAGGATAATACTGTGG
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Genotyping | PCR program 1) 94°C 2:00 2) 94°C 0:30 3) 55°C 0:30 4) 72°C 1:00 5) repeat steps (2-4) 40x 6) 72°C 10:00 7) 4°C hold
The following sequence of 405 nucleotides is amplified (chromosome 15, + strand):
1 gccatagaca tgctgctact cctactttct ggccgtatca atgacctgga gcttcctcag 61 tgctccagag ctacagaaaa accaggcctt tcactctggc cacaagaatg gttttggagg 121 agagggaaag atagcaaccc cccttgctat ttctctgaaa atcctgtgcc ttatttctgc 181 agggccagct gctggcagcc aggtacccgt acccccacac ctccacaaat caatgaagac 241 tgcttatatc tcaatgtgtt tgtccctgag aacctggtaa gttaagaatc aggatgtgtt 301 gtctggtgaa tagctccctt tggaaatcct tttcccacct tccctgggct ctatgggacc 361 tgtgctccca cagtattatc cttagggaca ctgagctccc tttgt
Primer binding sites are underlined and the sequencing primers are highlighted; the mutated nucleotide is shown in red. |
References |
3. Swillens, S., Ludgate, M., Mercken, L., Dumont, J. E., and Vassart, G. (1986) Analysis of Sequence and Structure Homologies between Thyroglobulin and Acetylcholinesterase: Possible Functional and Clinical Significance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 137, 142-148.
10. Marino, M., Zheng, G., Chiovato, L., Pinchera, A., Brown, D., Andrews, D., and McCluskey, R. T. (2000) Role of Megalin (gp330) in Transcytosis of Thyroglobulin by Thyroid Cells. A Novel Function in the Control of Thyroid Hormone Release. J Biol Chem. 275, 7125-7137.
13. Wu, H., Suzuki, S., Sellitti, D. F., Doi, S. Q., Tanigawa, K., Aizawa, S., Akama, T., Kawashima, A., Mishima, M., Ishii, N., Yoshida, A., Hisatome, I., Koles, N. L., Katoh, R., and Suzuki, K. (2009) Expression of a Thyroglobulin (Tg) Variant in Mouse Kidney Glomerulus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 389, 269-273.
14. Arvan, P., Kim, P. S., Kuliawat, R., Prabakaran, D., Muresan, Z., Yoo, S. E., and Abu Hossain, S. (1997) Intracellular Protein Transport to the Thyrocyte Plasma Membrane: Potential Implications for Thyroid Physiology. Thyroid. 7, 89-105.
20. Sellitti, D. F., and Suzuki, K. (2014) Intrinsic Regulation of Thyroid Function by Thyroglobulin. Thyroid. 24, 625-638.
21. Suzuki, K., Lavaroni, S., Mori, A., Ohta, M., Saito, J., Pietrarelli, M., Singer, D. S., Kimura, S., Katoh, R., Kawaoi, A., and Kohn, L. D. (1998) Autoregulation of Thyroid-Specific Gene Transcription by Thyroglobulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95, 8251-8256.
22. Suzuki, K., Mori, A., Saito, J., Moriyama, E., Ullianich, L., and Kohn, L. D. (1999) Follicular Thyroglobulin Suppresses Iodide Uptake by Suppressing Expression of the sodium/iodide Symporter Gene. Endocrinology. 140, 5422-5430.
23. Sellitti, D. F., Puggina, E., Lagranha, C., Doi, S., Pithon-Curi, T., Kohn, L. D., and Suzuki, K. (2007) TGF-Beta-Like Transcriptional Effects of Thyroglobulin (Tg) in Mouse Mesangial Cells. Endocr J. 54, 449-458.
24. Sellitti, D. F., Suzuki, K., Doi, S. Q., LaGranha, C., Machado, M., Matos, T., and Kohn, L. D. (2001) Thyroglobulin Increases Cell Proliferation and Suppresses Pax-8 in Mesangial Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 285, 795-799.
28. Ieiri, T., Cochaux, P., Targovnik, H. M., Suzuki, M., Shimoda, S., Perret, J., and Vassart, G. (1991) A 3' Splice Site Mutation in the Thyroglobulin Gene Responsible for Congenital Goiter with Hypothyroidism. J Clin Invest. 88, 1901-1905.
31. Corral, J., Martin, C., Perez, R., Sanchez, I., Mories, M. T., San Millan, J. L., Miralles, J. M., and Gonzalez-Sarmiento, R. (1993) Thyroglobulin Gene Point Mutation Associated with Non-Endemic Simple Goitre. Lancet. 341, 462-464.
32. Perez-Centeno, C., Gonzalez-Sarmiento, R., Mories, M. T., Corrales, J. J., and Miralles-Garcia, J. M. (1996) Thyroglobulin Exon 10 Gene Point Mutation in a Patient with Endemic Goiter. Thyroid. 6, 423-427.
33. Gonzalez-Sarmiento, R., Corral, J., Mories, M. T., Corrales, J. J., Miguel-Velado, E., and Miralles-Garcia, J. M. (2001) Monoallelic Deletion in the 5' Region of the Thyroglobulin Gene as a Cause of Sporadic Nonendemic Simple Goiter. Thyroid. 11, 789-793.
36. Tomer, Y., Greenberg, D. A., Concepcion, E., Ban, Y., and Davies, T. F. (2002) Thyroglobulin is a Thyroid Specific Gene for the Familial Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87, 404-407.
37. Ban, Y., Greenberg, D. A., Concepcion, E., Skrabanek, L., Villanueva, R., and Tomer, Y. (2003) Amino Acid Substitutions in the Thyroglobulin Gene are Associated with Susceptibility to Human and Murine Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 15119-15124.
38. Kim, P. S., Hossain, S. A., Park, Y. N., Lee, I., Yoo, S. E., and Arvan, P. (1998) A Single Amino Acid Change in the Acetylcholinesterase-Like Domain of Thyroglobulin Causes Congenital Goiter with Hypothyroidism in the cog/cog Mouse: A Model of Human Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95, 9909-9913.
44. Andrews, T. D., Whittle, B., Field, M. A., Balakishnan, B., Zhang, Y., Shao, Y., Cho, V., Kirk, M., Singh, M., Xia, Y., Hager, J., Winslade, S., Sjollema, G., Beutler, B., Enders, A., and Goodnow, C. C. (2012) Massively Parallel Sequencing of the Mouse Exome to Accurately Identify Rare, Induced Mutations: An Immediate Source for Thousands of New Mouse Models. Open Biol. 2, 120061.
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Science Writers | Anne Murray |
Illustrators | Peter Jurek |
Authors | Emre Turer and Bruce Beutler |