Phenotypic Mutation 'sesame' (pdf version)
Allelesesame
Mutation Type nonsense
Chromosome13
Coordinate20,784,382 bp (GRCm39)
Base Change C ⇒ G (forward strand)
Gene Elmo1
Gene Name engulfment and cell motility 1
Synonym(s) CED-12, C230095H21Rik, 6330578D22Rik
Chromosomal Location 20,274,766-20,792,523 bp (+) (GRCm39)
MGI Phenotype FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes a member of the engulfment and cell motility protein family. These proteins interact with dedicator of cytokinesis proteins to promote phagocytosis and cell migration. Increased expression of this gene and dedicator of cytokinesis 1 may promote glioma cell invasion, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with diabetic nephropathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]
PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele exhibit impaired Sertoli cell phagocytosis of apoptotic male germ cells. [provided by MGI curators]
Accession Number

NCBI RefSeq: NM_198093, NM_080288; MGI:2153044

MappedYes 
Limits of the Critical Region 20090596 - 20606528 bp
Amino Acid Change Tyrosine changed to Stop codon
Institutional SourceBeutler Lab
Gene Model predicted gene model for protein(s): [ENSMUSP00000072334 ]   † probably from a misspliced transcript
AlphaFold Q8BPU7
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000072334
Gene: ENSMUSG00000041112
AA Change: Y646*

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
Pfam:DUF3361 115 280 3.8e-64 PFAM
Pfam:ELMO_CED12 303 481 2.8e-42 PFAM
PH 555 676 2.32e0 SMART
low complexity region 704 717 N/A INTRINSIC
Predicted Effect probably null
Meta Mutation Damage Score 0.9755 question?
Is this an essential gene? Non Essential (E-score: 0.000) question?
Phenotypic Category Autosomal Recessive
Candidate Explorer Status loading ...
Single pedigree
Linkage Analysis Data
Penetrance  
Alleles Listed at MGI

All Mutations and Alleles(20) : Gene trapped(16) Radiation induced(1) Targeted(3)

Lab Alleles
AlleleSourceChrCoordTypePredicted EffectPPH Score
IGL00548:Elmo1 APN 13 20445749 missense probably benign
IGL00814:Elmo1 APN 13 20470894 missense probably damaging 0.97
IGL00849:Elmo1 APN 13 20766493 nonsense probably null
IGL01417:Elmo1 APN 13 20435345 critical splice donor site probably null
IGL01994:Elmo1 APN 13 20526634 missense probably damaging 0.99
IGL02435:Elmo1 APN 13 20773826 missense probably damaging 1.00
IGL02605:Elmo1 APN 13 20789372 missense probably damaging 1.00
IGL02716:Elmo1 APN 13 20633672 missense probably damaging 0.98
IGL03389:Elmo1 APN 13 20526596 missense probably damaging 0.98
braveheart UTSW 13 20458791 critical splice donor site probably benign
Debil UTSW 13 20557331 missense probably damaging 1.00
Dollie UTSW 13 20756616 missense possibly damaging 0.91
Edinburg UTSW 13 20474553 nonsense probably null
glasgow UTSW 13 20773812 critical splice acceptor site probably null
Golly UTSW 13 20557286 missense possibly damaging 0.96
Lockerbie UTSW 13 20784371 missense probably damaging 1.00
Tickle UTSW 13 20464973 splice site probably null
Wilmut UTSW 13 20766438 nonsense probably null
Writhe UTSW 13 20784429 critical splice donor site probably null
H8562:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20465033 missense probably damaging 1.00
R0360:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20748663 nonsense probably null
R0364:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20748663 nonsense probably null
R0372:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20756629 critical splice donor site probably null
R0975:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20435307 missense probably damaging 0.98
R1167:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20369625 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1511:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20474647 missense possibly damaging 0.60
R1671:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20472054 splice site probably benign
R1677:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20773841 missense probably benign 0.22
R1868:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20773823 missense possibly damaging 0.78
R2941:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20784382 nonsense probably null
R3508:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20789402 missense probably damaging 1.00
R4344:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20445722 splice site probably null
R4378:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20557286 missense possibly damaging 0.96
R4423:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20784382 nonsense probably null
R4425:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20784382 nonsense probably null
R4516:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20467084 missense probably benign 0.11
R4862:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20633682 missense probably benign
R4990:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20526689 missense probably damaging 1.00
R4991:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20526689 missense probably damaging 1.00
R4992:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20526689 missense probably damaging 1.00
R5197:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20748607 missense probably benign 0.20
R5269:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20633656 missense probably benign 0.00
R5386:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20784380 missense probably benign 0.01
R5471:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20756555 missense probably benign 0.01
R5922:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20789339 missense probably damaging 1.00
R5947:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20474553 nonsense probably null
R6512:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20557331 missense probably damaging 1.00
R6531:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20756616 missense possibly damaging 0.91
R7338:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20464982 missense probably benign 0.37
R7378:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20465105 missense probably benign 0.00
R7477:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20469489 missense
R7593:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20474610 missense probably benign
R7721:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20464973 splice site probably null
R7778:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20773812 critical splice acceptor site probably null
R8001:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20470902 missense probably benign 0.05
R8133:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20557256 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8248:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20784371 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8685:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20474594 missense possibly damaging 0.61
R8713:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20458791 critical splice donor site probably benign
R8888:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20748630 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8895:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20748630 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8945:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20766438 nonsense probably null
R9292:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20784429 critical splice donor site probably null
R9389:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20369661 missense probably benign 0.01
R9417:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20756573 missense possibly damaging 0.57
R9472:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20470897 missense probably benign 0.31
R9622:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20392310 missense probably benign 0.01
R9661:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20469531 critical splice donor site probably null
RF008:Elmo1 UTSW 13 20458706 missense probably benign 0.32
Mode of Inheritance Autosomal Recessive
Local Stock
Repository
Last Updated 2019-09-04 9:42 PM by Diantha La Vine
Record Created 2016-10-07 4:11 PM by Jin Huk Choi
Record Posted 2018-08-08
Phenotypic Description

Figure 1. Sesame mice exhibit decreased frequencies of peripheral B cells. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood was utilized to determine B cell frequency. Normalized data are shown. Abbreviations: WT, wild-type; REF, homozygous reference mice; HET, heterozygous variant mice; VAR, homozygous variant mice. Mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) are indicated.

Figure 2. Sesame mice exhibit decreased frequencies of peripheral IgD+ B cells. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood was utilized to determine B cell frequency. Normalized data are shown. Abbreviations: WT, wild-type; REF, homozygous reference mice; HET, heterozygous variant mice; VAR, homozygous variant mice. Mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) are indicated.
Figure 3. Sesame mice exhibit decreased frequencies of peripheral IgM+ B cells. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood was utilized to determine B cell frequency. Normalized data are shown. Abbreviations: WT, wild-type; REF, homozygous reference mice; HET, heterozygous variant mice; VAR, homozygous variant mice. Mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) are indicated.

The sesame phenotype was identified among N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized G3 mice of the pedigree R4425 by gene-based superipedigree analysis. Some mice showed reduced frequencies of B cells (Figure 1), IgD+ B cells (Figure 2), and IgM+ B cells (Figure 3) in the peripheral blood.

Nature of Mutation

Figure 4. Linkage mapping of the reduced B cell frequency using a recessive model of inheritance. Manhattan plot shows -log10 P values (Y-axis) plotted against the chromosome positions of mutations (X-axis) identified in the G1 males of pedigrees R0360, R0364, R0372, R0975, R1868, R4344, R4378, R4423, and R4425. Normalized phenotype data are shown for gene-based superpedigree linkage analysis without consideration of G2 dam identity. Horizontal pink and red lines represent thresholds of P = 0.05, and the threshold for P = 0.05 after applying Bonferroni correction, respectively.

Whole exome HiSeq sequencing of the R4425 grandsire identified 57 mutations. All of the above anomalies were linked by continuous variable mapping using gene-based superpedigree analysis of pedigrees R0360, R0364, R0372, R0975, R1868, R4344, R4378, R4423, and R4425 to mutations in Elmo1. The mutation in Elmo1 in pedigree R4425 is a C to G transversion at base pair 20,600,212 (v38) on chromosome 13, or base pair 509,706 in the GenBank genomic region NC_000079 encoding Elmo1. The strongest association was found with a recessive model of inheritance to the B cell frequency phenotype, wherein 28 variant homozygotes departed phenotypically from 86 homozygous reference mice and 112 heterozygous mice with a P value of 1.411 x 10-5 (Figure 4).  

The mutation corresponds to residue 2,276 in the mRNA sequence NM_080288 within exon 21 of 22 total exons.

2259 GCTTTCTCCATCTTATACGACTCAAATTGCCAA

641  -A--F--S--I--L--Y--D--S--N--C--Q-


 

The mutated nucleotide is indicated in red. The mutation results in substitution of tyrosine 646 to a premature stop codon (Y646*) in the ELMO1 protein.

Illustration of Mutations in
Gene & Protein
Protein Prediction
Figure 5. Domain organization of ELMO1. The location of the sesame mutation is indicated. Mutations found in the ELMO1 protein are shown in red. Click on each mutation for more information. Abbreviations: PH, pleckstrin homology domain; SH3, SH3-binding motif.

ELMO1 (engulfment and cell motility protein 1; alternatively, CED-12) has an ELMO domain (amino acids 391 to 492), a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain (amino acids 555 to 676), and a Pro-rich SH3-binding motif (amino acids 707 to 714) (Figure 5). Amino acids 1 to 280 bind to RhoG (1), ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins (2), and Salmonella IpgB1 (3). The function of the ELMO domain is unknown. PH domains domains bind proteins such as the beta/gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and protein kinase C as well as phosphatidylinositol within biological membranes. PH domains recruit proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways. The ELMO and PH domains as well as the SH3-binding motif as well as an α-helical extension of the PH domain mediate the interaction with DOCK180 (4-6).

The sesame mutation results in substitution of tyrosine 646 to a premature stop codon (Y646*) in the ELMO1 protein.; residue 646 is within the PH domain. 

Please see the record Edinburg for more information about Elmo1.

Putative Mechanism

ELMO1 is an adaptor protein that interacts with members of the DOCK family (see the records frazz, moonlight, and snowdrop for information about DOCK2, DOCK7, and DOCK8, respectively) to promote the activation of the small GTPase RAC, phagocytosis, and cell migration (7-10).

ELMO1 functions downstream of the phagocytic receptor BAI1 (see the record for bunting) during apoptotic cell clearance (11;12).  BAI1 functions in the recognition and subsequent internalization of apoptotic cells (12). In macrophages, BAI1 functions as a pattern recognition receptor in the phagocytic uptake of Gram-negative bacteria (12). BAI1 interacts with ELMO1, which subsequently activates DOCK180 (13).

ELMO1 functions in G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated chemotaxis upon stimulation of CXCR4 and CCR7 (see the record for lanzhou) (14-16). CD4+ T cells from Elmo1-deficient (Elmo1-/-) mice exhibited impaired polarization, Rac activation, and chemotaxis in response to CCR7 and CXCR4 stimulation (15;16). GPCRs couple with a heterotrimeric G protein to mediate its downstream effects. G proteins, which consist of an α subunit that binds and hydrolyzes GTP (Gα), and β and γ subunits that are constitutively associated in a complex. Activation of chemokine receptors promotes an interaction between ELMO1 and Gβγ, which causes translocation of ELMO1 to the membrane. ELMO1/DOCK180 or ELMO1/DOCK2 subsequently activate Rac1.

ELMO1 interacts with ERM proteins (2), which function in cell migration, cell adhesion, cell shape maintenance, and microvilli formation by cross-linking the plasma membrane with the actin cytoskeleton. ERM proteins are involved in cell cortex organization at two important stages of T lymphocyte physiology: during the polarization and migration in response to chemokines, and during the formation of the immunological synapse upon antigen recognition.

Elmo1-deficient (Elmo1-/-; Elmo1tm1.2Ravi/tm1.2Ravi) mice are overtly normal (11). Elmo1-/- mice exhibited disrupted seminiferous epithelium, multinucleated giant cells, uncleared apoptotic germ cells, and decreased sperm output (11). A second Elmo1-/- mouse model (Elmo1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi/tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi) exhibited reduced numbers of mature B cells, natural killer T cells, and CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells with concomitant increased numbers of effector memory CD4+ T cells. Some mice also exhibited decreased fasted circulating glucose levels.

The phenotype of the sesame mice indicate loss of ELMO1sesame function.

Primers PCR Primer
sesame_pcr_F: CTGAATGCAGAGGAGGACTC
sesame_pcr_R: TCAGCGGCTAAGAAGTTTGAG

Sequencing Primer
sesame_seq_F: AGGAGGACTCACGCTGG
sesame_seq_R: CTGGTGGTTTCCATGTCAACAAGAC
Genotyping

PCR program

1) 94°C 2:00
2) 94°C 0:30
3) 55°C 0:30
4) 72°C 1:00
5) repeat steps (2-4) 40x
6) 72°C 10:00
7) 4°C hold


The following sequence of 404 nucleotides is amplified (chromosome 13, + strand):


1   ctgaatgcag aggaggactc acgctggcac ccgggagcac tgcacccctc attccttttg
61  ccagcttcat ggctcctcct gttctccaaa cagaagagag gccatgttcc atgtttgagc
121 tcacccacca gctttgtttt ctgtgatggt tctttgttct ctcctaggag gtgcttgaac
181 ttgctttctc catcttatac gactcaaatt gccaactgaa cttcattgct cctgataagc
241 atgaggtaag aggtcttggt aagggttaat tgatgagaga aaaataagta aaattctagc
301 atagaagaaa catcacttct tgtagaaacc tgcctttgaa aatcatgaat agaagggtgt
361 cttgttgaca tggaaaccac cagctcaaac ttcttagccg ctga


Primer binding sites are underlined and the sequencing primers are highlighted; the mutated nucleotide is shown in red.

References
Science Writers Anne Murray
Illustrators Katherine Timer
AuthorsMing Zeng, Xue Zhong, and Bruce Beutler