Phenotypic Mutation 'inwood3' (pdf version)
Allele | inwood3 |
Mutation Type |
nonsense
|
Chromosome | 13 |
Coordinate | 100,358,411 bp (GRCm39) |
Base Change | G ⇒ A (forward strand) |
Gene |
Naip5
|
Gene Name | NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein 5 |
Synonym(s) | Birc1e, Naip-rs3, Lgn1 |
Chromosomal Location |
100,348,247-100,382,831 bp (-) (GRCm39)
|
MGI Phenotype |
PHENOTYPE: This locus controls resistance to Legionella pneumophila, the organism responsible for Legionnaire's disease. Cultured peritoneal macrophages from A/J mice are susceptible, supporting bacterial proliferation; other strains, e.g., C57BL/6 are resistant. [provided by MGI curators]
|
Accession Number | NCBI RefSeq: NM_010870; MGI:1298220
|
Mapped | Yes |
Amino Acid Change |
Glutamine changed to Stop codon
|
Institutional Source | Beutler Lab |
Gene Model |
predicted gene model for protein(s):
[ENSMUSP00000058611]
|
AlphaFold |
Q9R016 |
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000058611 Gene: ENSMUSG00000071203 AA Change: Q942*
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
low complexity region
|
36 |
51 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
BIR
|
58 |
129 |
1.08e-19 |
SMART |
BIR
|
157 |
229 |
1.06e-36 |
SMART |
BIR
|
276 |
347 |
2.14e-32 |
SMART |
Pfam:NACHT
|
464 |
618 |
1.7e-36 |
PFAM |
low complexity region
|
851 |
862 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
|
Predicted Effect |
probably null
|
Meta Mutation Damage Score |
0.9755 |
Is this an essential gene? |
Probably nonessential (E-score: 0.079) |
Phenotypic Category |
Autosomal Recessive |
Candidate Explorer Status |
loading ... |
Single pedigree Linkage Analysis Data
|
|
Penetrance | |
Alleles Listed at MGI | All Mutations and Alleles(3) : Spontaneous(1) Targeted(1) Transgenic(1)
|
Lab Alleles |
Allele | Source | Chr | Coord | Type | Predicted Effect | PPH Score |
IGL00096:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100382683 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
IGL00493:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100367279 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.96 |
IGL01294:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100353588 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
IGL01405:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100358453 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.11 |
IGL01568:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100353609 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.26 |
IGL01804:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100358092 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL02012:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100359847 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
IGL02183:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100358150 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.41 |
IGL02449:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100358683 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.34 |
IGL02815:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100359239 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
IGL02992:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100359536 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL03027:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100359524 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
IGL03234:Naip5
|
APN |
13 |
100349135 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
inwood2
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359522 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
Nuchal
|
UTSW |
13 |
100351171 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.82 |
PIT4131001:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356268 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
PIT4131001:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356247 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R0001:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359622 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R0001:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100351158 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
R0462:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358240 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R0636:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356196 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R0674:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359707 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.04 |
R0764:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100353613 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.03 |
R0837:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100367251 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R1179:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R1302:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358099 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.91 |
R1441:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356225 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.95 |
R1513:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358714 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R1638:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100349177 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R1651:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358419 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.41 |
R1707:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100379363 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R1835:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359726 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R1836:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356195 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.18 |
R1972:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100349278 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
R2080:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358041 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R2333:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359679 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R2348:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356246 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R3055:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358386 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.23 |
R3401:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358411 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R3723:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359522 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R3775:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359883 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R3775:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359902 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R4019:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359883 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R4019:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359902 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R4020:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359902 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R4020:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359883 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R4074:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100382572 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R4082:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100382338 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R4105:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356247 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R4227:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100349276 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R4639:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R4640:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R4641:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R4644:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R4645:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R4700:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359922 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.62 |
R4727:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358378 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.81 |
R4729:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358639 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.75 |
R4816:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356189 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.32 |
R4816:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356195 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R4816:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R4869:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100381639 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5162:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359914 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.78 |
R5244:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100382170 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R5411:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100382254 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.54 |
R5632:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100367170 |
splice site |
probably null |
|
R5760:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100379346 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R5916:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359209 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.02 |
R6302:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359674 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.76 |
R6304:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359674 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.76 |
R6411:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359913 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R6474:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100351171 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.82 |
R6499:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358102 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R6544:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359652 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.50 |
R6827:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100382437 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.48 |
R6954:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359922 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R7052:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358855 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R7138:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R7141:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R7375:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7375:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7401:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7401:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7447:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7447:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7466:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358494 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R7491:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100353579 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.18 |
R7559:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7559:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7562:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7562:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7588:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7588:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7589:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7589:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7590:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356205 |
missense |
not run |
|
R7590:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356204 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7742:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R7886:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100382689 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.28 |
R7996:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358164 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R8026:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100382406 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R8046:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358741 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R8319:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358167 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.12 |
R8471:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358153 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R8480:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358743 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R8496:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100349247 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R8500:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359220 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
R8712:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359604 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.61 |
R8780:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R8781:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R8788:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R8817:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100349207 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R8833:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359442 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
R8835:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R8958:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100354117 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R9031:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9032:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9074:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358264 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.92 |
R9098:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100366127 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.67 |
R9204:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359008 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R9223:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100364184 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.05 |
R9358:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9389:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9403:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9518:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358367 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9568:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359821 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R9568:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9569:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359821 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R9569:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9570:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359821 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R9572:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100359821 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R9581:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100351194 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.11 |
R9627:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100356338 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9725:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100358784 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.94 |
R9763:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100367269 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R9764:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100367269 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R9765:Naip5
|
UTSW |
13 |
100367269 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
|
Mode of Inheritance |
Autosomal Recessive |
Local Stock | Sperm |
Repository | |
Last Updated |
2019-09-04 9:44 PM
by Anne Murray
|
Record Created |
2015-11-29 11:02 PM
by Hexin Shi
|
Record Posted |
2015-12-23 |
Phenotypic Description |
The inwood3 phenotype was identified among N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized G3 mice of the pedigree R3401, some of which exhibited impaired peritoneal macrophage NLRC4 inflammasome responses, marked by decreased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β in response to priming with flagellin (Figure 1).
|
Nature of Mutation |
Whole exome HiSeq sequencing of the G1 grandsire identified 32 mutations. The diminished NLRC4 inflammasome function phenotype was linked by continuous variable mapping to a mutation in Naip5: a C to T transition at base pair 100,221,903 (v38) on chromosome 13, or base pair 32,869 in the GenBank genomic region NC_000079 for the Naip5 gene. Linkage was found with a recessive model of inheritance (P = 1.38 x 10-4), wherein three variant homozygotes departed phenotypically from eight homozygous reference mice and 14 heterozygous mice (Figure 2). The mutation corresponds to residue 3,037 in the mRNA sequence NM_010870 within exon 9 of 14 total exons.
3022 TATTTTGAAAACTTACAGCCACCAGCTATAGAT
937 -Y--F--E--N--L--Q--P--P--A--I--D-
|
The mutated nucleotide is indicated in red. The mutation results in substitution of glutamine (Q) 942 for a premature stop codon (Q942*) in the NAIP5 protein.
|
Illustration of Mutations in
Gene & Protein |
|
---|
Protein Prediction |
Neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein 5 [NAIP5; alternatively, baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) repeat-containing 1e (Birc1e)] is a member of the NACHT-LRR (NLR) family of cytosolic proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens. NAIP5 has three BIRs (amino acids 60-127, 159-227, and 278-345), a NACHT domain (amino acids 464-648, SMART), and several leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) [Figure; reviewed in (1)]. The inwood3 mutation results in the substitution of glutamine (Q) 942 for a premature stop codon. Gln942 is within the LRR region. The LRR region in NLR proteins is conserved and typically mediates ligand recognition. For more information about Naip5, please see the entry for inwood2.
|
Putative Mechanism | Members of the NLR family, including NLRC4 (see the record for inwood), NLRP1b, and NLRP3 (see the record for Nd1), are able to oligomerize through their NACHT domains and assemble into large caspase-1-activating multiprotein complexes, termed inflammasomes, upon the detection of pathogenic or other danger signals in the cytoplasm. The NLRC4 inflammasome stimulates caspase-1 activation and subsequent IL-1β secretion from macrophages after exposure to lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and pathogenic bacteria. Activated caspase-1 is able to cleave a variety of substrates, most notably the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33 to generate biologically active proteins. For more information about the NLRC4 inflammasome, please see the record for inwood. The NAIP5/NLRC4 inflammasome is primarily activated by Gram-negative bacteria including L. pneumophila (2-4), Aeromonas veronii (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6), Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (6-9), Yersinia pestis (10), and Shigella flexneri (11). NLRC4-mediated responses to S. typhimurium are only partially dependent on NAIP5 (3). NAIP5 interacts with the 35 C-terminal amino acids as well as the conserved N-helix of flagellin (12). After cytosolic flagellin recognition, NAIP5 associates with NLRC4, forming an oligomeric complex, and subsequently leading to the activation of caspase-1 in a TLR5-independent manner (13;14). Naip5 alleles determine macrophage permissiveness to L. pneumophila replication (2;15). For example, L. pneumophila proliferates in macrophages derived from A/J mice, but in cultures derived from other strains (e.g., C57BL/6J), proliferation of L. pneumophila is not noted. There are 14 amino acid substitutions between C57BL/6 and A/J NAIP5 proteins (2). Naip5-deficient (Naip5-/-) macrophages cannot activate caspase-1, release IL-1β, or promote pyroptosis in response to L. pneumophila infection (3). The reduced amount of IL-1β observed in the inwood3 mice in response to flagellin indicates a loss-of-function in NAIP5inwood3.
|
Primers |
PCR Primer
inwood3_pcr_F: GCATCCGTGTTGTTCACTTG
inwood3_pcr_R: ACAGTTGCTGAATGCTCTCC
Sequencing Primer
inwood3_seq_F: AACTTCCAGCTTGGGGATC
inwood3_seq_R: CATTTATTTTGCAATTCCTTCGAGG
|
Genotyping | PCR program 1) 94°C 2:00 2) 94°C 0:30 3) 55°C 0:30 4) 72°C 1:00 5) repeat steps (2-4) 40x 6) 72°C 10:00 7) 4°C hold
The following sequence of 404 nucleotides is amplified (chromosome 13, - strand):
1 acagttgctg aatgctctcc atttattttg caattccttc gaggaaaaac actggcttta 61 agagtactga atttacagta ctttagggac cacccagaaa gcctgttact gttgaggagc 121 ttaaaggttt ccataaatgg aaataaaatg tcatcttatg tagattattc attcaagaca 181 tattttgaaa acttacagcc accagctata gatgaggagt atacatctgc ctttgagcat 241 ataagtgaat ggaggagaaa ttttgctcaa gatgaggaga tcataaaaaa ctatgaaaat 301 atccgaccca gagccctacc agacatcagt gaagggtact ggaaactgtc ccccaagcca 361 tgcaagatcc ccaagctgga agttcaagtg aacaacacgg atgc
Primer binding sites are underlined and the sequencing primers are highlighted; the mutated nucleotide is shown in red. |
References |
2. Wright, E. K., Goodart, S. A., Growney, J. D., Hadinoto, V., Endrizzi, M. G., Long, E. M., Sadigh, K., Abney, A. L., Bernstein-Hanley, I., and Dietrich, W. F. (2003) Naip5 Affects Host Susceptibility to the Intracellular Pathogen Legionella Pneumophila. Curr Biol. 13, 27-36.
3. Lightfield, K. L., Persson, J., Brubaker, S. W., Witte, C. E., von Moltke, J., Dunipace, E. A., Henry, T., Sun, Y. H., Cado, D., Dietrich, W. F., Monack, D. M., Tsolis, R. M., and Vance, R. E. (2008) Critical Function for Naip5 in Inflammasome Activation by a Conserved Carboxy-Terminal Domain of Flagellin. Nat Immunol. 9, 1171-1178.
4. Zamboni, D. S., Kobayashi, K. S., Kohlsdorf, T., Ogura, Y., Long, E. M., Vance, R. E., Kuida, K., Mariathasan, S., Dixit, V. M., Flavell, R. A., Dietrich, W. F., and Roy, C. R. (2006) The Birc1e Cytosolic Pattern-Recognition Receptor Contributes to the Detection and Control of Legionella Pneumophila Infection. Nat Immunol. 7, 318-325.
6. Miao, E. A., Alpuche-Aranda, C. M., Dors, M., Clark, A. E., Bader, M. W., Miller, S. I., and Aderem, A. (2006) Cytoplasmic Flagellin Activates Caspase-1 and Secretion of Interleukin 1beta Via Ipaf. Nat Immunol. 7, 569-575.
7. Miao, E. A., Mao, D. P., Yudkovsky, N., Bonneau, R., Lorang, C. G., Warren, S. E., Leaf, I. A., and Aderem, A. (2010) Innate Immune Detection of the Type III Secretion Apparatus through the NLRC4 Inflammasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107, 3076-3080.
8. Broz, P., Newton, K., Lamkanfi, M., Mariathasan, S., Dixit, V. M., and Monack, D. M. (2010) Redundant Roles for Inflammasome Receptors NLRP3 and NLRC4 in Host Defense Against Salmonella. J Exp Med. 207, 1745-1755.
9. Franchi, L., Amer, A., Body-Malapel, M., Kanneganti, T. D., Ozoren, N., Jagirdar, R., Inohara, N., Vandenabeele, P., Bertin, J., Coyle, A., Grant, E. P., and Nunez, G. (2006) Cytosolic Flagellin Requires Ipaf for Activation of Caspase-1 and Interleukin 1beta in Salmonella-Infected Macrophages. Nat Immunol. 7, 576-582.
10. Brodsky, I. E., Palm, N. W., Sadanand, S., Ryndak, M. B., Sutterwala, F. S., Flavell, R. A., Bliska, J. B., and Medzhitov, R. (2010) A Yersinia Effector Protein Promotes Virulence by Preventing Inflammasome Recognition of the Type III Secretion System. Cell Host Microbe. 7, 376-387.
11. Suzuki, T., Franchi, L., Toma, C., Ashida, H., Ogawa, M., Yoshikawa, Y., Mimuro, H., Inohara, N., Sasakawa, C., and Nunez, G. (2007) Differential Regulation of Caspase-1 Activation, Pyroptosis, and Autophagy Via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-Infected Macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 3, e111.
12. Halff, E. F., Diebolder, C. A., Versteeg, M., Schouten, A., Brondijk, T. H., and Huizinga, E. G. (2012) Formation and Structure of a NAIP5-NLRC4 Inflammasome Induced by Direct Interactions with Conserved N- and C-Terminal Regions of Flagellin. J Biol Chem. 287, 38460-38472.
13. Lightfield, K. L., Persson, J., Trinidad, N. J., Brubaker, S. W., Kofoed, E. M., Sauer, J. D., Dunipace, E. A., Warren, S. E., Miao, E. A., and Vance, R. E. (2011) Differential Requirements for NAIP5 in Activation of the NLRC4 Inflammasome. Infect Immun. 79, 1606-1614.
14. Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Shi, J., Gong, Y. N., Lu, Q., Xu, H., Liu, L., and Shao, F. (2011) The NLRC4 Inflammasome Receptors for Bacterial Flagellin and Type III Secretion Apparatus. Nature. 477, 596-600.
|
Science Writers | Anne Murray |
Illustrators | Peter Jurek |
Authors | Hexin Shi and Bruce Beutler |