Phenotypic Mutation 'runt2' (pdf version)
Allelerunt2
Mutation Type nonsense
Chromosome1
Coordinate82,264,688 bp (GRCm39)
Base Change A ⇒ T (forward strand)
Gene Irs1
Gene Name insulin receptor substrate 1
Synonym(s) G972R, IRS-1
Chromosomal Location 82,210,822-82,269,137 bp (-) (GRCm39)
MGI Phenotype FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes a protein which is phosphorylated by insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Mutations in this gene are associated with type II diabetes and susceptibility to insulin resistance. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]
PHENOTYPE: Homozygotes for targeted null mutations exhibit 50 percent reductions in body weights at birth and at 4 months of age, impaired glucose tolerance, and mild insulin and IGF-1 resistance. [provided by MGI curators]
Accession Number

NCBI RefSeq: NM_010570; MGI:99454

MappedYes 
Amino Acid Change Leucine changed to Stop codon
Institutional SourceBeutler Lab
Gene Model predicted gene model for protein(s): [ENSMUSP00000063795]
AlphaFold no structure available at present
SMART Domains Protein: ENSMUSP00000063795
Gene: ENSMUSG00000055980
AA Change: L1176*

DomainStartEndE-ValueType
PH 13 117 8.13e-14 SMART
low complexity region 123 143 N/A INTRINSIC
IRS 155 257 1.19e-35 SMART
PTBI 155 257 7.8e-60 SMART
low complexity region 263 276 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 378 399 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 407 419 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 551 568 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 662 689 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 784 794 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 801 810 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 824 837 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 1019 1040 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 1051 1062 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 1111 1127 N/A INTRINSIC
low complexity region 1185 1200 N/A INTRINSIC
Predicted Effect probably null
Meta Mutation Damage Score 0.9755 question?
Is this an essential gene? Possibly essential (E-score: 0.620) question?
Phenotypic Category Autosomal Recessive
Candidate Explorer Status loading ...
Single pedigree
Linkage Analysis Data
Penetrance  
Alleles Listed at MGI

All Mutations and Alleles(13) : Chemically induced (ENU)(1) Chemically induced (other)(1) Radiation induced(1) Spontaneous(2) Targeted(6) Transgenic(2)

Lab Alleles
AlleleSourceChrCoordTypePredicted EffectPPH Score
IGL00325:Irs1 APN 1 82266204 missense probably benign 0.01
IGL00534:Irs1 APN 1 82266192 missense probably benign
IGL01926:Irs1 APN 1 82267680 missense probably damaging 0.98
IGL02130:Irs1 APN 1 82267188 missense probably damaging 1.00
IGL03338:Irs1 APN 1 82266122 missense probably benign 0.05
Hoverboard UTSW 1 82267819 nonsense probably null
runt UTSW 1 82265453 frame shift probably null
Sprite UTSW 1 82265830 nonsense probably null
R0019:Irs1 UTSW 1 82264977 nonsense probably null
R0063:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266580 missense probably damaging 1.00
R0063:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266580 missense probably damaging 1.00
R0318:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266381 missense probably benign 0.01
R1199:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267347 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1363:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265009 missense probably benign 0.02
R1584:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267165 missense probably benign 0.24
R1874:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267574 frame shift probably null
R1903:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267182 missense probably damaging 1.00
R1929:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266180 missense probably benign
R1986:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266486 missense probably damaging 1.00
R2136:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267763 missense probably damaging 1.00
R2179:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267940 missense possibly damaging 0.81
R2271:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266180 missense probably benign
R2760:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266291 missense probably damaging 1.00
R3721:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267806 missense probably benign 0.11
R3821:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267770 missense probably benign
R4306:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265685 missense probably benign 0.11
R4420:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266171 missense possibly damaging 0.94
R4451:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266749 missense probably benign 0.00
R4479:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265015 missense probably damaging 1.00
R4771:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265696 missense probably benign 0.00
R4782:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265184 missense probably benign 0.00
R4836:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265453 frame shift probably null
R4880:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265453 frame shift probably null
R4881:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265453 frame shift probably null
R5031:Irs1 UTSW 1 82264688 nonsense probably null
R5053:Irs1 UTSW 1 82264643 missense probably benign
R5418:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266491 missense probably damaging 1.00
R5595:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267646 missense probably damaging 1.00
R5698:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266455 missense probably benign 0.01
R6381:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265405 missense possibly damaging 0.66
R6563:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266128 missense probably damaging 0.98
R7002:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265981 missense probably benign 0.13
R7095:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267819 nonsense probably null
R7195:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265177 missense probably benign 0.13
R7216:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267476 missense probably damaging 0.98
R7361:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266835 nonsense probably null
R7490:Irs1 UTSW 1 82264985 missense probably damaging 0.99
R7540:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265723 missense not run
R7706:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265412 missense probably damaging 1.00
R7910:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267802 missense probably benign 0.06
R7912:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267605 missense probably benign
R7962:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266443 missense possibly damaging 0.57
R8139:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267460 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8158:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267254 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8159:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266290 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8187:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266021 missense probably damaging 1.00
R8288:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265682 nonsense probably null
R8436:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267970 missense possibly damaging 0.96
R8865:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265830 nonsense probably null
R8950:Irs1 UTSW 1 82264652 missense probably benign
R9591:Irs1 UTSW 1 82265969 missense probably benign 0.00
X0063:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266629 missense probably damaging 1.00
X0065:Irs1 UTSW 1 82267086 missense probably damaging 1.00
Z1177:Irs1 UTSW 1 82268115 missense probably benign 0.29
Z1177:Irs1 UTSW 1 82266717 missense possibly damaging 0.87
Mode of Inheritance Autosomal Recessive
Local Stock
Repository
Last Updated 2019-09-04 9:40 PM by Anne Murray
Record Created 2017-03-21 4:00 PM
Record Posted 2018-10-24
Phenotypic Description

Figure 1. Runt2 mice exhibited reduced body weights compared to wild-type littermates. Scaled weight data are shown. Abbreviations: WT, wild-type; REF, homozygous reference mice; HET, heterozygous variant mice; VAR, homozygous variant mice. Mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) are indicated.

The runt2 phenotype was identified among N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized G3 mice of the pedigree R5031 some of which showed reduced body weights compared to wild-type littermates (Figure 1).

Nature of Mutation

Figure 2. Linkage mapping of the reduced body weights using a recessive model of inheritance. Manhattan plot shows -log10 P values (Y-axis) plotted against the chromosome positions of 51 mutations (X-axis) identified in the G1 male of pedigree R5031. Normalized phenotype data are shown for single locus linkage analysis without consideration of G2 dam identity. Horizontal pink and red lines represent thresholds of P = 0.05, and the threshold for P = 0.05 after applying Bonferroni correction, respectively.

Whole exome HiSeq sequencing of the G1 grandsire identified 51 mutations. The body weight phenotype was linked to a mutation in Irs1: a T to A transversion at base pair 82,286,967 (v38) on chromosome 1, or base pair 4,473 in the GenBank genomic region NC_000067 encoding Irs1. Linkage was found with a recessive model of inheritance, wherein three variant homozygotes departed phenotypically from 17 homozygous reference mice and 18 heterozygous mice with a P value of 7.09 x 10-8 (Figure 2).  

The mutation corresponds to residue 4,473 in the mRNA sequence NM_010570 within exon 1 of 2 total exons.

4457 TACATAGACCTGGATTTGGCCAAGGAGCGCTCT

1171 -Y--I--D--L--D--L--A--K--E--R--S-

The mutated nucleotide is indicated in red. The mutation results in substitution of leucine 1,176 to a premature stop codon (L1176*) in the IRS1 protein.

Illustration of Mutations in
Gene & Protein
Protein Prediction
Figure 3. Domain organization of IRS1. The runt2 mutation results in substitution of leucine 1,176 to a premature stop codon. Other mutations found in the IRS protein are noted in red. Click on each mutation for more information.

Irs1 encodes insulin receptor substate-1 (IRS1), one of four members of the IRS family (IRS1 through IRS4). The IRS proteins consist of N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains followed by long, unstructured C-terminal tails containing numerous tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues [Figure 3; reviewed in (1)]. IRS1 and IRS2 (see the record for dum_dum) have highly similar PH and PTB domains; the two proteins function analogously in insulin receptor (IR; see the record for gummi_bear) signaling (2). IRS1 and IRS2 differ within their respective tail regions. The PH and PTB domains of IRS1 interact with the activated IR and are therefore necessary for insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1 (3-6). Both domains fold into a seven-stranded, antiparallel β-sandwich capped at one end by an α-helix [PDB:1QQG; (7;8)]. The PTB domain binds to the juxtamembrane region of the IR (8); in vitro binding experiments showed that the IRS1 PTB recognizes an NPXpY sequence motif with a hydrophobic residue at pY−8 (6;9). The IRS1 PH domain binds to phosphatidylinositol phosphates, an interaction that may help bring IRS1 to the IR at the cell membrane (7).

IRS1 and IRS2 are regulated by phosphorylation of more than 50 serine/threonine residues within their long, unstructured C-terminal tails (1;10). Depending on the sites affected and the time course of phosphorylation, phosphorylation can have positive or negative regulatory effects on IRS function.

The runt2 mutation results in substitution of leucine 1,176 to a premature stop codon (L1176*) in the IRS1 protein; Leu1176 is within the C-terminal tail.

Please see the record for runt for more information about Irs1.

Putative Mechanism

The insulin signaling pathway regulates glucose uptake and release as well as the synthesis and storage of carbohydrates and lipids. Binding of insulin to the ectodomain of the IR activates the insulin signaling pathway by triggering a conformational change that facilitates IR autophosphorylation of the kinase domain. Phosphorylation of the kinase activation loop stimulates IR catalytic activity. Phosphorylation of the juxtamembrane region of the IR recruits downstream signaling proteins (e.g., IRS1, IRS2, and Shc [see the record for shrine (Shc2)]). IRS1 and IRS2 do not have intrinsic enzyme activity, but function as docking proteins that bind and activate signal transduction proteins (11). Activated IR propagates signaling to activate three main pathways: the MAP kinase, Cbl/CAP, and PI3K pathways (12). For more information about IR-associated signaling, please the record for gummi_bear.

Mutations in IRS1 are associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (OMIM: #125853) (13-15). Degradation of IRS1 contributes to insulin resistance. Prolonged insulin stimulation and subsequent activation of the mTOR signaling pathway promotes IRS degradation by the 26S proteasome (16). A mutation in IRS1 (p.G972R) is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (17). The G972R mutation was also associated with a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus (14.9% among carriers), with a 60% increase of plasma total triglycerides, and with increased total plasma cholesterol levels (17).

Systemic knockout of either IRS1 or IRS2 in mice leads to hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and reduced insulin sensitivity (18-21). However, distinct phenotypes are also observed in Irs1-/- and Irs2-/- mice.  Irs1-/- mice display growth retardation (50 to 60% of WT weight) and their insulin resistance is compensated by β cell hyperplasia so that fasting blood glucose levels are normal in 4-8 week old mice (18;19)Irs1-/- mice also showed higher blood pressures and plasma triglyceride levels with concomitant reduced levels of lipoprotein lipase activity than wild-type mice (22).  In contrast, Irs2-/- mice show mild growth retardation (90% of WT weight) and develop diabetes due to a lack of β cell compensation for insulin resistance (20). Mice expressing a spontaneous Irs1 mutation showed reduced body sizes, hearing loss, less serum IGF1 levels, hyperinsulinemia, mild insulin resistance, low bone mineral densities, reduced trabecular and cortical thicknesses, and low bone formation rates (23).

Primers PCR Primer
runt2_pcr_F: ACGCTATTGACGATCCTCTG
runt2_pcr_R: GAGACCTTCTCAGCACCTACTC

Sequencing Primer
runt2_seq_F: ATCCTCTGGCTGCTTCTGGAAG
runt2_seq_R: AATACGGTGCCCTTTGGAGC
Genotyping

PCR program

1) 94°C 2:00
2) 94°C 0:30
3) 55°C 0:30
4) 72°C 1:00
5) repeat steps (2-4) 40x
6) 72°C 10:00
7) 4°C hold


The following sequence of 414 nucleotides is amplified (chromosome 1, - strand):


1   gagaccttct cagcacctac tcgggctggc aatacggtgc cctttggagc aggggctgca
61  gtagggggca gcggcggtgg tggtggtggc ggcagtgagg atgtaaaacg ccacagctct
121 gcatcctttg agaatgtgtg gctgagacct ggggatctag ggggagtctc caaggagtcg
181 gctccagtgt gtggggctgc tgggggtttg gagaagagtc ttaactacat agacctggat
241 ttggccaagg agcgctctca ggactgcccc tctcaacagc agtccctacc accccctccc
301 cctcaccagc ccttaggcag caatgagggc aactccccaa gacgctccag tgaggattta
361 agcaactatg ccagcatcag cttccagaag cagccagagg atcgtcaata gcgt


Primer binding sites are underlined and the sequencing primers are highlighted; the mutated nucleotide is shown in red.

References
Science Writers Eva Marie Y. Moresco, Anne Murray
Illustrators Diantha La Vine
AuthorsEmre Turer and Bruce Beutler