Phenotypic Mutation 'fluffy' (pdf version)
Allele | fluffy |
Mutation Type |
missense
|
Chromosome | 4 |
Coordinate | 101,649,220 bp (GRCm39) |
Base Change | C ⇒ A (forward strand) |
Gene |
Lepr
|
Gene Name | leptin receptor |
Synonym(s) | leptin receptor gene-related protein, obl, Obr, Leprb, obese-like, Modb1, LEPROT, OB-RGRP |
Chromosomal Location |
101,574,601-101,672,549 bp (+) (GRCm39)
|
MGI Phenotype |
FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the gp130 family of cytokine receptors that are known to stimulate gene transcription via activation of cytosolic STAT proteins. This protein is a receptor for leptin (an adipocyte-specific hormone that regulates body weight), and is involved in the regulation of fat metabolism, as well as in a novel hematopoietic pathway that is required for normal lymphopoiesis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. It is noteworthy that this gene and LEPROT gene (GeneID:54741) share the same promoter and the first 2 exons, however, encode distinct proteins (PMID:9207021).[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010] PHENOTYPE: Homozygous mutants are hyperphagic, low-activity, poorly cold-adapted, sterile and have enhanced fat conversion. They are obese, hyperinsulinemic and, on certain strains, severely hyperglycemic. Heterozygotes are normal but resistant to prolonged fasting. [provided by MGI curators]
|
Accession Number | NCBI RefSeq: NM_146146, NM_010704, NM_001122899; MGI:104993
|
Mapped | Yes |
Amino Acid Change |
Proline changed to Threonine
|
Institutional Source | Beutler Lab |
Gene Model |
predicted gene model for protein(s):
[ENSMUSP00000037385]
[ENSMUSP00000099838]
[ENSMUSP00000102534]
|
AlphaFold |
P48356 |
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000037385 Gene: ENSMUSG00000057722 AA Change: P874T
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
transmembrane domain
|
7 |
29 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
FN3
|
236 |
315 |
1.5e-5 |
SMART |
Pfam:Lep_receptor_Ig
|
328 |
418 |
6.3e-23 |
PFAM |
FN3
|
535 |
618 |
4.93e-1 |
SMART |
FN3
|
641 |
721 |
3.25e1 |
SMART |
FN3
|
736 |
818 |
2.35e0 |
SMART |
transmembrane domain
|
838 |
860 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
low complexity region
|
908 |
921 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
low complexity region
|
1050 |
1065 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
|
Predicted Effect |
probably damaging
PolyPhen 2
Score 1.000 (Sensitivity: 0.00; Specificity: 1.00)
(Using ENSMUST00000037552)
|
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000099838 Gene: ENSMUSG00000057722 AA Change: P874T
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
transmembrane domain
|
7 |
29 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
FN3
|
236 |
315 |
1.5e-5 |
SMART |
Pfam:Lep_receptor_Ig
|
329 |
420 |
2.6e-29 |
PFAM |
FN3
|
535 |
618 |
4.93e-1 |
SMART |
FN3
|
641 |
721 |
3.25e1 |
SMART |
FN3
|
736 |
818 |
2.35e0 |
SMART |
transmembrane domain
|
838 |
860 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
|
Predicted Effect |
probably damaging
PolyPhen 2
Score 1.000 (Sensitivity: 0.00; Specificity: 1.00)
(Using ENSMUST00000102777)
|
SMART Domains |
Protein: ENSMUSP00000102534 Gene: ENSMUSG00000057722 AA Change: P874T
Domain | Start | End | E-Value | Type |
transmembrane domain
|
7 |
29 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
FN3
|
236 |
315 |
1.5e-5 |
SMART |
Pfam:Lep_receptor_Ig
|
329 |
420 |
2.6e-29 |
PFAM |
FN3
|
535 |
618 |
4.93e-1 |
SMART |
FN3
|
641 |
721 |
3.25e1 |
SMART |
FN3
|
736 |
818 |
2.35e0 |
SMART |
transmembrane domain
|
838 |
860 |
N/A |
INTRINSIC |
|
Predicted Effect |
probably damaging
PolyPhen 2
Score 1.000 (Sensitivity: 0.00; Specificity: 1.00)
(Using ENSMUST00000106921)
|
Meta Mutation Damage Score |
0.2973 |
Is this an essential gene? |
Non Essential (E-score: 0.000) |
Phenotypic Category |
Unknown |
Candidate Explorer Status |
loading ... |
Single pedigree Linkage Analysis Data
|
|
Penetrance | |
Alleles Listed at MGI | All Mutations and Alleles(54) : Chemically induced (ENU)(10) Chemically induced (other)(2) Radiation induced(1) Spontaneous(15) Targeted(23) Transgenic(3)
|
Lab Alleles |
Allele | Source | Chr | Coord | Type | Predicted Effect | PPH Score |
IGL00089:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101672232 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
IGL01111:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101671852 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.77 |
IGL01324:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101625265 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.23 |
IGL01372:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101592774 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.67 |
IGL01626:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101590731 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.10 |
IGL01733:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101622279 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
IGL01815:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101671987 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.49 |
IGL01899:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101637184 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.86 |
IGL02138:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101625264 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
IGL02161:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101602875 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
IGL02653:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101622141 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.44 |
IGL02735:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101639835 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL03035:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101622177 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
IGL03083:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101671876 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
IGL03160:Lepr
|
APN |
4 |
101622103 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
aufsetzigen
|
UTSW |
4 |
101609372 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
beastly
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671788 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
business_class
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622069 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
cherub
|
UTSW |
4 |
101625259 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.25 |
clodhopper
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622487 |
splice site |
probably null |
|
donner
|
UTSW |
4 |
101672398 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
giant
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622349 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
gordo
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622502 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
Immunoglutton
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622498 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
Jumbo_shrimp
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622151 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
lowleaning
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671588 |
splice site |
probably null |
|
odd
|
UTSW |
4 |
101585271 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
paleo
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602842 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.94 |
R0140_Lepr_245
|
UTSW |
4 |
101625264 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
well-upholstered
|
UTSW |
4 |
101630155 |
synonymous |
probably benign |
|
worldly
|
UTSW |
4 |
101625425 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.96 |
PIT4651001:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101649194 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
PIT4696001:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101637180 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.10 |
R0140:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101625264 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R0197:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101609349 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.64 |
R0279:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101607541 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.05 |
R0487:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101625290 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R0498:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602889 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R0506:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101630207 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
R0512:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671901 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.87 |
R0512:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101649216 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R0726:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622131 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R1054:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101639793 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
R1109:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101628552 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R1398:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101649216 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R1464:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101592878 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R1464:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101592878 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R1519:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101646541 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
R1602:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602842 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.94 |
R1830:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101592874 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R1850:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101590620 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.67 |
R1918:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101630033 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R1928:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101639927 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
R2099:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101630185 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R2102:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101630178 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.95 |
R2175:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622576 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R2254:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101672309 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.26 |
R2396:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101590725 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.19 |
R2508:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101648093 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
R2571:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101625369 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.96 |
R3790:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101648111 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
R3882:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101672462 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R3933:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622498 |
splice site |
probably benign |
|
R4211:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101590611 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.19 |
R4343:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622349 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
R4345:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622349 |
critical splice donor site |
probably null |
|
R4544:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101625425 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.96 |
R4546:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671838 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.35 |
R4724:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622562 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R4797:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101637244 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.90 |
R4860:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101646534 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.14 |
R4860:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101646534 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.14 |
R4929:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101672314 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R4939:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101590635 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.78 |
R5377:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101672216 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.71 |
R5520:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602734 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R5966:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101649324 |
intron |
probably benign |
|
R6092:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101649220 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6130:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622569 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R6168:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101592789 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R6232:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671588 |
splice site |
probably null |
|
R6380:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622151 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R6427:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101631454 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.47 |
R6428:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101637295 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6641:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622502 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.97 |
R6650:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101672398 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R6859:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622487 |
splice site |
probably null |
|
R7023:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101646484 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R7145:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101609394 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7174:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101607535 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R7179:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602856 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.06 |
R7189:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671961 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R7426:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602853 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.03 |
R7531:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101609372 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R7620:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101609270 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.41 |
R7804:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101639783 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R8022:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101639754 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.32 |
R8142:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622616 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.93 |
R8227:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101628559 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
R8426:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671841 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.12 |
R8447:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671688 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.08 |
R8531:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101622612 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
R8682:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101649269 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.00 |
R8897:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101649233 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.98 |
R9096:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101631418 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.95 |
R9177:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602798 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
R9241:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101671788 |
missense |
probably benign |
|
R9604:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101590473 |
missense |
probably benign |
0.01 |
R9711:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101592851 |
nonsense |
probably null |
|
X0026:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101590524 |
missense |
possibly damaging |
0.47 |
Z1176:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101602811 |
missense |
probably damaging |
0.99 |
Z1177:Lepr
|
UTSW |
4 |
101592792 |
missense |
probably damaging |
1.00 |
|
Mode of Inheritance |
Unknown |
Local Stock | |
Repository | |
Last Updated |
2019-09-04 9:37 PM
by Diantha La Vine
|
Record Created |
2018-04-06 9:01 AM
by Jamie Russell
|
Record Posted |
2018-12-18 |
Phenotypic Description |
The fluffy phenotype was identified among N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU)-mutagenized G3 mice of the pedigree R6092, some of which showed increased body weights/sizes compared to wild-type littermates (Figure 1 & 2). The mice also showed reduced balance and coordination on a rotating rod during a rotarod performance test (Figure 3), reduced heart rates (Figure 4), reduced systolic blood pressures (Figure 5), reduced lean fat ratios (Figure 6), increased fat mass (Figure 7), increased liver fat (Figure 8), and reduced pelvis (Figure 9) and tibia (Figure 10) lengths. Some mice showed increased frequencies of effector memory CD4 T cells in CD4 T cells (Figure 11) and effector memory CD8 T cells in CD8 T cells (Figure 12) with concomitant reduced frequencies of naïve CD4 T cells in CD4 T cells (Figure 13) and naïve CD8 T cells in CD8 T cells (Figure 14) in the peripheral blood.
|
Nature of Mutation |
Whole exome HiSeq sequencing of the G1 grandsire identified 65 mutations. All of the above anomalies were linked to a mutation in Lepr: a C to A transition at base pair 101,792,023 (v38) on chromosome 4, or base pair 74,890 in the GenBank genomic region NC_000070. The strongest association was found with a recessive model of inheritance to the normalized increased fat mass phenotype, wherein six variant homozygotes departed phenotypically from 23 homozygous reference mice and 41 heterozygous mice with a P value of 4.494 x 10-36 (Figure 15). The mutation corresponds to residue 3,172 in the mRNA sequence NM_146146 within exon 18 of 19 total exons.
3157 TTTTGGGACGATGTTCCAAACCCCAAGAATTGT
869 -F--W--D--D--V--P--N--P--K--N--C-
|
The mutated nucleotide is indicated in red. The mutation results in a proline to threonine substitution at position 874 (P874T) in the LEPR protein, and is strongly predicted by PolyPhen-2 to be damaging (score = 1.000).
|
Illustration of Mutations in
Gene & Protein |
|
---|
Protein Prediction |
The Lepr or obr gene encodes an 1162 amino acid protein that is the receptor for leptin, a four-helical cytokine-like hormone produced primarily by adipocytes [Figure 16; (1;2)]. The leptin receptor is a member of the gp130 family of cytokine receptors that are known to stimulate gene transcription via activation of cytosolic STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins (see domino for more information on STAT signaling). Six isoforms of the leptin receptor are generated by alternative splicing; each isoform, with the exception of a soluble isoform (OB-Re) are single-pass membrane-spanning proteins differing only in the sequences of their C-terminal intracellular domains. The extracellular portion of the human leptin receptor contains two CK domains that contain conserved cysteine-containing motifs (amino acids 62-178 and amino acids 428-535), four domains that contain a fibronectin type III (FNIII) fold (amino acids 235-327, 536-635, 636-731, and amino acids 732-841), and a domain that has an Ig-like fold (amino acids 328-427). The first CK domain and the first FNIII domain form the cytokine receptor homology module 1 (CRH1), while the second CK domain and remaining FNIII domains form the cytokine receptor homology module 2. The fluffy mutation results in a proline to threonine substitution at position 874 (P874T); amino acid 874 is within the cytoplasmic Box 1 motif of LEPR, which binds JAK kinases to promote downstream signaling. Please see the record for Business_class for more information on Lepr.
|
Putative Mechanism | Leptin, a systemic hormone, regulates multiple functions of the body including energy utilization and storage, various endocrine axes, bone metabolism, thermoregulation, angiogenesis, immunity and inflammation by binding to the long form of the leptin receptor (OB-Rb) and subsequent initiation of various signal transduction pathways [reviewed in (3-5)]. It is primarily produced by adipocytes in proportion to fat stores, but can also be produced by placenta (syncytiotrophoblasts), ovaries, skeletal muscle, stomach, mammary epithelial cells, bone marrow, pituitary and liver (6). Humans and other animals deficient for leptin or its receptor, exhibit hyperphagia and low metabolism that results in obesity and insulin resistance [OMIM #614963; (2;7;8)]. Similar to other Lepr mouse models (see MGI for a list of Lepr alleles as well as the entry for Business_class), the fluffy mice exhibit obesity. The phenotype of the fluffy mice indicates that the LepRfluffy protein exhibits loss of function.
|
Primers |
PCR Primer
fluffy_pcr_F: TAGTACAGAGCCTGGCACAC
fluffy_pcr_R: CAAACCCAGCTTTTGAGAAAGAG
Sequencing Primer
fluffy_seq_F: CAGTTTAGGGAACACTTTGTGGAATC
fluffy_seq_R: CCCAGCTTTTGAGAAAGAGAAAGG
|
Genotyping | PCR program 1) 94°C 2:00 2) 94°C 0:30 3) 55°C 0:30 4) 72°C 1:00 5) repeat steps (2-4) 40x 6) 72°C 10:00 7) 4°C hold
The following sequence of 425 nucleotides is amplified (chromosome 4, + strand):
1 tagtacagag cctggcacac agcattagag agatcttcat aacagtttag ggaacacttt 61 gtggaatcaa atgtaaatgt gggtttggcc ctactgacct gatccagccg accaatgctt 121 attttgtatg ttaactgcta acggttttac agtctccaca tttctgtaac cagagtgctt 181 tatttcttct ttgcagaatg aaaaagttgt tttgggacga tgttccaaac cccaagaatt 241 gttcctgggc acaaggactg aatttccaaa aggtcactgt ttaagtattt taacccagat 301 atctaaggtt gcagtttaga tgccacagta cttacagatc tttaaacaac tttaaagggc 361 tttatgttgt tgtgttcatg ttctcaagcc tgttcatcct ttctctttct caaaagctgg 421 gtttg
Primer binding sites are underlined and the sequencing primers are highlighted; the mutated nucleotide is shown in red. |
References | 1. Zhang, F., Basinski, M. B., Beals, J. M., Briggs, S. L., Churgay, L. M., Clawson, D. K., DiMarchi, R. D., Furman, T. C., Hale, J. E., Hsiung, H. M., Schoner, B. E., Smith, D. P., Zhang, X. Y., Wery, J. P., and Schevitz, R. W. (1997) Crystal Structure of the Obese Protein Leptin-E100. Nature. 387, 206-209.
2. Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., and Friedman, J. M. (1994) Positional Cloning of the Mouse Obese Gene and its Human Homologue. Nature. 372, 425-432.
4. Malendowicz, L. K., Rucinski, M., Belloni, A. S., Ziolkowska, A., and Nussdorfer, G. G. (2007) Leptin and the Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Int Rev Cytol. 263, 63-102.
7. Chen, H., Charlat, O., Tartaglia, L. A., Woolf, E. A., Weng, X., Ellis, S. J., Lakey, N. D., Culpepper, J., Moore, K. J., Breitbart, R. E., Duyk, G. M., Tepper, R. I., and Morgenstern, J. P. (1996) Evidence that the Diabetes Gene Encodes the Leptin Receptor: Identification of a Mutation in the Leptin Receptor Gene in db/db Mice. Cell. 84, 491-495.
8. Farooqi, I. S., Wangensteen, T., Collins, S., Kimber, W., Matarese, G., Keogh, J. M., Lank, E., Bottomley, B., Lopez-Fernandez, J., Ferraz-Amaro, I., Dattani, M. T., Ercan, O., Myhre, A. G., Retterstol, L., Stanhope, R., Edge, J. A., McKenzie, S., Lessan, N., Ghodsi, M., De, R.,V, Perna, F., Fontana, S., Barroso, I., Undlien, D. E., and O'Rahilly, S. (2007) Clinical and Molecular Genetic Spectrum of Congenital Deficiency of the Leptin Receptor. N Engl J Med. 356, 237-247.
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Science Writers | Anne Murray |
Illustrators | Diantha La Vine |
Authors | Jami Keef, Lauren Prince, Jamie Russell, and Bruce Beutler |