Mutagenetix > Incidental Mutation

Incidental Mutation 'R7136:Pde4dip'

553051

Institutional Source

Beutler Lab

Gene Symbol

Pde4dip

Ensembl Gene

ENSMUSG00000038170

Gene Name

phosphodiesterase 4D interacting protein (myomegalin)

Synonyms

Usmg4, D3Bwg1078e, D130016K21Rik, 9430063L05Rik, 4732458A06Rik

MMRRC Submission

045220-MU

Accession Numbers

Essential gene?

Essential (E-score: 1.000) question?

Stock #

R7136 (G1)

Quality Score

225.009

Status

Validated

Chromosome

Chromosomal Location

97597144-97796023 bp(-) (GRCm39)

Type of Mutation

missense

DNA Base Change (assembly)

C to T at 97601379 bp (GRCm39)

Zygosity

Heterozygous

Amino Acid Change

Serine to Asparagine at position 2346 (S2346N)

Ref Sequence

ENSEMBL: ENSMUSP00000088254 (fasta)

Gene Model

predicted gene model for transcript(s): [ENSMUST00000090750] [ENSMUST00000168438]

AlphaFold

no structure available at present

Predicted Effect

probably benign
Transcript: ENSMUST00000090750
AA Change: S2346N

PolyPhen 2 Score 0.026 (Sensitivity: 0.95; Specificity: 0.81)

SMART Domains

Protein: ENSMUSP00000088254
Gene: ENSMUSG00000038170
AA Change: S2346N

Domain	Start	End	E-Value	Type
low complexity region	10	40	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	45	57	N/A	INTRINSIC
Pfam:Cnn_1N	124	196	3.2e-26	PFAM
low complexity region	204	219	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	282	325	N/A	INTRINSIC
internal_repeat_1	397	438	4.03e-5	PROSPERO
low complexity region	567	578	N/A	INTRINSIC
internal_repeat_2	617	667	6.59e-5	PROSPERO
internal_repeat_1	620	661	4.03e-5	PROSPERO
coiled coil region	866	942	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1038	1056	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1067	1082	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1118	1163	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1336	1363	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1403	1420	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1470	1508	N/A	INTRINSIC
internal_repeat_2	1597	1644	6.59e-5	PROSPERO
DUF1220	1680	1747	1.17e-17	SMART
low complexity region	1758	1780	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1836	1851	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1860	1874	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1940	1951	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1962	2138	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	2162	2197	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	2387	2431	N/A	INTRINSIC

Predicted Effect

probably benign
Transcript: ENSMUST00000168438
AA Change: S2295N

PolyPhen 2 Score 0.094 (Sensitivity: 0.93; Specificity: 0.85)

SMART Domains

Protein: ENSMUSP00000131170
Gene: ENSMUSG00000038170
AA Change: S2295N

Domain	Start	End	E-Value	Type
low complexity region	10	40	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	45	57	N/A	INTRINSIC
Pfam:Microtub_assoc	124	198	1.4e-31	PFAM
low complexity region	204	219	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	282	325	N/A	INTRINSIC
internal_repeat_1	397	438	3.56e-5	PROSPERO
low complexity region	567	578	N/A	INTRINSIC
internal_repeat_2	617	667	5.83e-5	PROSPERO
internal_repeat_1	620	661	3.56e-5	PROSPERO
coiled coil region	866	942	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1038	1056	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1067	1082	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1118	1163	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1336	1363	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1403	1420	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1470	1508	N/A	INTRINSIC
internal_repeat_2	1597	1644	5.83e-5	PROSPERO
DUF1220	1680	1747	1.17e-17	SMART
low complexity region	1758	1769	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1785	1800	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1809	1823	N/A	INTRINSIC
low complexity region	1889	1900	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	1911	2087	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	2111	2146	N/A	INTRINSIC
coiled coil region	2336	2380	N/A	INTRINSIC

Meta Mutation Damage Score

0.0898

Coding Region Coverage

1x: 100.0%
3x: 100.0%
10x: 99.7%
20x: 99.1%

Validation Efficiency

100% (68/68)

MGI Phenotype

FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] The protein encoded by this gene serves to anchor phosphodiesterase 4D to the Golgi/centrosome region of the cell. Defects in this gene may be a cause of myeloproliferative disorder (MBD) associated with eosinophilia. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]
PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for a null allele exhibit partial (in utero or perinatal) lethality, hyperactivity, and increased vertical activity. [provided by MGI curators]

Allele List at MGI

Other mutations in this stock

Total: 68 list
Gene	Ref	Var	Chr/Loc	Mutation	Predicted Effect	Zygosity
1700123K08Rik	A	G	5: 138,560,610 (GRCm39)	S262P	probably damaging	Het
Abcc2	A	G	19: 43,825,899 (GRCm39)	E1512G	probably damaging	Het
Abcg2	T	G	6: 58,661,325 (GRCm39)	Y459D	possibly damaging	Het
Amy1	T	C	3: 113,357,248 (GRCm39)	Y197C	probably damaging	Het
Bptf	A	G	11: 106,990,541 (GRCm39)	I516T	probably damaging	Het
Capn12	T	A	7: 28,582,532 (GRCm39)		probably null	Het
Cbln2	T	A	18: 86,734,797 (GRCm39)	L190Q	probably damaging	Het
Ccdc157	C	T	11: 4,098,592 (GRCm39)	E305K	possibly damaging	Het
Ccdc47	A	G	11: 106,095,830 (GRCm39)	S289P	probably benign	Het
Chd3	C	T	11: 69,239,264 (GRCm39)	E1756K	probably null	Het
Chrd	G	T	16: 20,553,272 (GRCm39)	A183S	possibly damaging	Het
Cp	C	T	3: 20,039,822 (GRCm39)	R880*	probably null	Het
Cyp24a1	A	T	2: 170,336,063 (GRCm39)	D191E	probably benign	Het
Dnah1	T	C	14: 31,020,613 (GRCm39)	Y1252C	probably damaging	Het
Eps8l1	A	G	7: 4,480,403 (GRCm39)	D487G	probably damaging	Het
Fam227b	T	G	2: 125,965,948 (GRCm39)	Q159P	probably damaging	Het
Fat3	A	G	9: 16,289,481 (GRCm39)	I14T	probably benign	Het
Fbxl19	C	A	7: 127,349,217 (GRCm39)	T129N	possibly damaging	Het
Fuca2	T	C	10: 13,381,665 (GRCm39)	F193L	probably benign	Het
H2-Q1	T	C	17: 35,539,603 (GRCm39)		probably null	Het
Hgh1	A	G	15: 76,254,631 (GRCm39)	M336V	probably benign	Het
Il12b	T	C	11: 44,298,857 (GRCm39)	L104P	probably benign	Het
Kcnh2	A	T	5: 24,537,989 (GRCm39)	F125I	probably benign	Het
Kcnk7	A	G	19: 5,756,104 (GRCm39)	H110R	probably benign	Het
Kdm3a	G	A	6: 71,588,764 (GRCm39)	P415L	probably benign	Het
Kifc3	T	C	8: 95,830,077 (GRCm39)	T610A	probably benign	Het
Krbox5	A	G	13: 67,991,111 (GRCm39)		probably null	Het
Lmbr1l	C	A	15: 98,809,372 (GRCm39)		probably null	Het
Lmo7	T	A	14: 102,157,975 (GRCm39)	M1436K	unknown	Het
Lrp1	C	T	10: 127,394,491 (GRCm39)	C2574Y	probably damaging	Het
Med13l	A	G	5: 118,859,587 (GRCm39)	E258G	possibly damaging	Het
Mesp1	T	C	7: 79,442,906 (GRCm39)	I124V	probably damaging	Het
Mrgpra2a	A	T	7: 47,076,934 (GRCm39)	I108N	probably benign	Het
Nos1	G	T	5: 118,033,925 (GRCm39)	R349L	possibly damaging	Het
Or5k3	C	T	16: 58,969,327 (GRCm39)	T38I	probably damaging	Het
Or7c70	T	C	10: 78,683,615 (GRCm39)	I45V	probably benign	Het
Osgin1	T	A	8: 120,168,176 (GRCm39)	M1K	probably null	Het
Pde7a	T	C	3: 19,285,258 (GRCm39)	M310V	probably benign	Het
Pigw	G	A	11: 84,768,585 (GRCm39)	T248M	probably damaging	Het
Pink1	T	C	4: 138,044,769 (GRCm39)	T323A	probably damaging	Het
Polr3a	C	T	14: 24,511,883 (GRCm39)	R891Q	probably damaging	Het
Prkar1b	C	A	5: 139,094,363 (GRCm39)	C75F	probably benign	Het
Prss58	C	T	6: 40,876,987 (GRCm39)		probably null	Het
Ptk2	G	A	15: 73,093,658 (GRCm39)	P854S	possibly damaging	Het
Pttg1ip2	A	T	5: 5,516,631 (GRCm39)	D63E	possibly damaging	Het
Qars1	T	C	9: 108,389,971 (GRCm39)	I350T	probably damaging	Het
Qprt	T	C	7: 126,707,984 (GRCm39)	K149R	probably damaging	Het
Rasgrf1	T	A	9: 89,873,651 (GRCm39)	D653E	probably damaging	Het
Rbm26	T	C	14: 105,381,703 (GRCm39)	M481V	possibly damaging	Het
Rdx	C	T	9: 51,997,745 (GRCm39)	T573M	probably damaging	Het
Rgs14	A	G	13: 55,527,508 (GRCm39)		probably null	Het
Robo2	T	C	16: 73,753,438 (GRCm39)	E813G	probably damaging	Het
Rrbp1	A	T	2: 143,791,600 (GRCm39)	F1369I	probably benign	Het
Sh2d4b	T	A	14: 40,562,209 (GRCm39)	T319S	probably benign	Het
Slc7a15	G	T	12: 8,588,895 (GRCm39)	N217K	probably damaging	Het
Stmn1	A	G	4: 134,198,088 (GRCm39)	K42E	probably damaging	Het
Tbl2	T	G	5: 135,178,682 (GRCm39)	W31G	probably benign	Het
Tmem8b	T	C	4: 43,669,845 (GRCm39)	C114R	possibly damaging	Het
Tsc2	T	C	17: 24,832,254 (GRCm39)	S711G	probably benign	Het
Ttn	T	C	2: 76,666,904 (GRCm39)	R11531G	unknown	Het
Ube2e3	T	C	2: 78,744,085 (GRCm39)	Y105H	probably benign	Het
Usp16	G	T	16: 87,280,059 (GRCm39)	C753F	probably benign	Het
Vmn1r13	T	C	6: 57,187,239 (GRCm39)	S133P	possibly damaging	Het
Vmn2r76	T	A	7: 85,877,975 (GRCm39)	Q474L	probably benign	Het
Vps52	T	C	17: 34,184,262 (GRCm39)	I601T	probably benign	Het
Wasf1	A	T	10: 40,802,587 (GRCm39)	T81S	possibly damaging	Het
Wdr82	A	G	9: 106,048,532 (GRCm39)	S39G	probably benign	Het
Zdhhc13	A	G	7: 48,451,080 (GRCm39)	I108V	probably benign	Het

Other mutations in Pde4dip

Allele	Source	Chr	Coord	Type	Predicted Effect	PPH Score
IGL00332:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,674,593 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.00
IGL00543:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,664,940 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.91
IGL00979:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,655,074 (GRCm39)	splice site	probably benign
IGL01483:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,661,465 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
IGL02122:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,674,737 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
IGL02398:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,674,097 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign
IGL02814:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,674,416 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
IGL02826:Pde4dip	APN	3	97,674,403 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
D3080:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,146 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R0077:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,660,442 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R0096:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,783 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.99
R0277:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,751,028 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.01
R0304:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,751,028 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.01
R0616:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,654,849 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.09
R0676:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,624,413 (GRCm39)	splice site	probably benign
R1166:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,620,512 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.94
R1376:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,650,533 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.99
R1376:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,650,533 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.99
R1452:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,631,418 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R1550:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,627,020 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R1700:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,610,639 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.00
R1704:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,661,576 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.28
R1769:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,603,246 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.00
R1934:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,600,007 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.74
R1980:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,664,312 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.93
R2088:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,661,749 (GRCm39)	missense	probably null	1.00
R2143:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,795,835 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.86
R2149:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,700,152 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.64
R2156:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,631,534 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.98
R2158:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,664,937 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.15
R2240:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,631,480 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.00
R2249:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,700,841 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R2256:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,625,500 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R2680:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,608,933 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.92
R2921:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,626,885 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign
R3407:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,661,784 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R3736:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,631,427 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R3787:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,868 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.80
R3883:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,620,504 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4437:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,673,885 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.52
R4528:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,624,338 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4576:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,661,565 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4600:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,603,260 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.98
R4653:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,654 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.99
R4678:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,602,321 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4679:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,602,321 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4688:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,750,993 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R4770:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,400 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4841:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,700,844 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4842:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,700,844 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4899:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,616,874 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R4914:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,644 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.10
R4943:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,662,827 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.99
R5131:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,616,830 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.98
R5408:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,704,052 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.35
R5583:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,654,892 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.67
R5677:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,748,964 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R5689:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,599,683 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R5696:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,616,806 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R5860:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,631,504 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.68
R6279:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,606,496 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R6341:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,602,227 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign
R6440:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,902 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R6464:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,617,660 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R6489:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,662,907 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R6706:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,648,709 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R6722:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,625,555 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R6798:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,795,850 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign
R6804:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,700,564 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R6862:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,340 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.52
R6957:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,731,649 (GRCm39)	splice site	probably null
R6983:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,625,552 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R7014:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,738 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.54
R7025:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,631,499 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R7178:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,946 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.26
R7269:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,275 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R7283:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,666,198 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.03
R7354:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,626,646 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.99
R7357:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,857 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.01
R7360:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,625,632 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.01
R7371:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,664,587 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.08
R7432:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,602,408 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign
R7536:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,664,560 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R7542:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,673,971 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.59
R7609:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,881 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.85
R7650:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,606,423 (GRCm39)	critical splice donor site	probably null
R7800:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,599 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R7846:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,490 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R7918:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,539 (GRCm39)	nonsense	probably null
R8120:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,614,254 (GRCm39)	missense	probably null	0.94
R8139:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,604,309 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.02
R8144:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,622,742 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R8177:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,848 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	0.98
R8294:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,674,694 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R8406:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,606,428 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.04
R8911:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,650,917 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.22
R8912:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,617,633 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R8960:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,700,464 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R8993:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,673,810 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R9031:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,599,675 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R9032:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,601,385 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.00
R9085:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,601,385 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.00
R9103:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,749,044 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R9163:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,659,123 (GRCm39)	critical splice donor site	probably null
R9182:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,602,314 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.13
R9185:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,666,132 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.01
R9286:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,607,183 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R9357:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,625,645 (GRCm39)	missense	probably benign	0.00
R9415:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,660,468 (GRCm39)	missense	possibly damaging	0.82
R9500:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,795,896 (GRCm39)	missense	unknown
R9595:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,602,207 (GRCm39)	critical splice donor site	probably null
R9689:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,649,841 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00
R9720:Pde4dip	UTSW	3	97,603,287 (GRCm39)	missense	probably damaging	1.00

Predicted Primers

PCR Primer
(F):5'- TATAACCCCGGACCATCAGG -3'
(R):5'- TCTAGACAAAGGGACCAGCTG -3'

Sequencing Primer
(F):5'- CGGACCATCAGGAAAGCC -3'
(R):5'- CAGCTGTCCCAGAACTGTAAGG -3'

Posted On

2019-05-15